The Id, Ego and Superego Shown in Frankenstein and Dr....

Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson both show Freud’s ideas of Id, Ego and Superego as well as of innate desire. Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus shows Freuds stages of psychosexual development. Collectively both novels should be considered Freudian through these ideas. Jekyll and Hyde works as a symbolic portrayal of the goodness and evil that resides in equal measure within the soul of a man. It pre-empted Freudian psychoanalysis by twenty-five years and yet is similar to some of his theories. In Frankenstein both the monster and Victor exemplify Freud’s developmental stages. According to Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality,†¦show more content†¦It is all at an end. And indeed he does not want my help; you do not know him as I do; he is safe, he is quite safe; mark my words, he will never more be heard of (Stevenson 66). Despite saying this Jekyll still succumbs to his Id and Hyde is drawn out again. Jekyll knows of the evil that comes out when he transforms into Hyde. Jekyll says â€Å"This, as I take it, was because all human beings, as we meet them are commingled out of good and evil: and Edward Hyde alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil†(Stevenson 108). Here Jekyll clearly states that he knows Hyde is evil yet he still cannot overpower his Id and then his Superego is overcome. By turning into Hyde, Jekyll feels free and can do whatever he wants without the slightest hesitation. Following his innate desires Hyde murders Sir Danvers Carew and tramples a young girl. These actions are done through the Id and even though Jekyll is civilized law abiding man once the Id has taken over and he transforms into Hyde, his dark side is unleashed. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are but one; one body but two conflicting characters, the good and evil. In Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus we see t he monster as the outward expression of Victors Id or his demoniacal passions. Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain behaviors. These childhood stages are known as the psycosexual developmental stages.Show MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde : Literary Review1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Literary Review The Romantic era was plagued with class conflict, poverty, and labor issues. The Victorian novel allows those who had access to them discover and focus on moral issues with society. Among the novel that were created during the era, the genre of a gothic novella emerged. Well knowns gothic novellas included Frankenstein, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Stevenson’s gothic novella The StrangeRead MoreHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 Pagesand called it Dracula. Mary Shelley created a a physical being out of a mans suppressed homosexuality due to his Victorian male upbringing; a man named Frankenstein. Robert Stevenson described what happens when a homosexual male attempts to live double lives to cover up his true feelings, and entitled it The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The Elizabethan era, like the Victorian era, had its own view of homosexuality. Iago, a man with the tong ue of a serpent, is believed to be homosexual

Slavery 1680-1860 - 1039 Words

The execrable path to freedom It was simply a low wage job, cleaning, cooking and beckoning to there owners needs. They owned there own property where there families live and attended the local churches every Sunday. With time they had freedom, agreements to be released from indentured servants and free with rights. Indentured servants were quite scarce and expensive and the issue of equal rights presented a major challenge to developing slave states like Virginia. Indentured servants slowly became life long servants, having no chance of release at a certain age. By 1660, laws were being enacted that defined the regulated slave relations. By 1680, slaves were chattel, nothing but property sold as commodities and traded. With slavery came†¦show more content†¦Vermont and Pennsylvania both abolished slavery and in 1808 slaves’ importation was outlawed. In response to the anti slavery movements the panic of 1819 occurred, being the first depression. Slavery was in a major decline and there was commod ity inflation. In 1823, US circuit courts declared removal of inhuman treatment of slaves. In 1826, kidnapping is a felony which effectively nullified fugitive slaves act, stopping all ability for slave owners to gain more slaves in the states, and importation of slaves was already outlawed. This hurt the slave trade significantly and put the colonies into the panic of 1837. There was a downturn in the economy, cotton prices fell, inflated food prices and high unemployment all due to the downfall and outlawing of slavery. 1840, An African American by the name of Charles Remond, refused to beat seated at world anti slavery convention because the women were segregated in the gallery, showing the first sign of women’s rights. From 1660 to 1865 a slave trade was established in the colonies creating a free and productive source of labor. Legal rights and freedom were stripped from African Americans, Native Americans, Poor whites and women. The slave trade most definitely built the first colonies of America and established an economy and a means of trade. The colonies were one hundred percent dependent on the production of the slaveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Importance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life1465 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Slavery to the Southern Way of Life America almost from the beginning was heavily dependent on forced labour. In 1619, John Rolfe in Virgina reported about the last day of August came in a butch man-of-war that sold us 20 negers. This is the first record of Africans settling in America. The Southern colonies were more dependent on labour then the North, as the climate in the South was ideal for plantation agricultural. In the 17th century the basisRead MoreThe Early Anti-Slavery Movement1027 Words   |  5 Pagesproducts. Then sailors will go back to England and start the same cycle again. Therefore, in the 1860s The Anti-Slavery Movement begins in America by providing a clear history of slavery. Certainly, slavery advocated racism against African American in North America. Since the 1619 salves arrived in the Chesapeake and dark-skinned people were considered of lower status by Europeans. However, until the 1680s few African slaves were left in the American colonies, and they were not treated harshly. DuringRead MoreEssay on The History of Slavery570 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery has a lot of effects on African Americans today. History of slavery is marked for civil rights. Indeed, slavery began with civilization. With farming’s development, war could be taken as slavery. Slavery that lives in Western go back 10,000 years to Mesopotamia. Today, most of them move to Iraq, where a male slave had to focus on cultivation. Female slaves were as sexual services for white people also their masters at that time, having freedom only when their masters died. In SouthRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War777 Words   |  4 PagesThe widespread violence that turned into the Civil War began with the election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 without a single vote from the states below the Ohio River. South Carolina was the first state to respond to Lincoln’s election. On December 20, 1680, South Carolina seceded from the Union. South Carolina was the first of the â€Å"Original Seven† who seceded from the Union, including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. This became known as â€Å"secessionRead MoreSlavery in American Society: Impact and Evolution Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in American Society: Impact and evolution Slavery in American Society The controversies surrounding slavery have been established in many societies worldwide for centuries. In past generations, although slavery did exists and was tolerated, it was certainly very questionable,† ethicallyâ€Å". Today, the morality of such an act would not only be unimaginable, but would also be morally wrong. As things change over the course of history we seek to not only explain why things happen, butRead MoreThe War Over Sectional Conflicts2166 Words   |  9 PagesBy the year 1860, the bloodshed that would develop into the Civil War had become inevitable. After being delayed through compromise multiple times, the election of Lincoln as the 16th president proved to be the final straw in the war over sectional conflicts. Since the invention of the cotton gin in the late 18th century by Eli Whitney, The North and South began courses with two opposite trajectories, both economically and socially. Countless events from 1800 to 1860 drove the regions further apart Read MoreFinal Paper1636 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy. There were many factors and purchases that happened throughout that aided in the upbringing of the American economy we know today. We know some events of American history, for example, the finding of Native Americans already on America, slavery throughout history, wars, and inventions were all factors of shaping the economy for us. Before there was such a thing as the â€Å"New World,† there were millions of people living in America. The indigenous people of America had been there for thousandsRead MoreEssay Race and Political Power in the Pre-Civil War Period1936 Words   |  8 Pagesspectacle of interracial servant solidarity by slowly eliminating white servitude and expanding the then new institution of black chattel slavery. By doing this he could guarantee a permanent labor force and win the support of his constituents. Because of efforts like that of Governor Berkley, Virginia had become the primary site for the development of black slavery in the Americas. By the 1650s some of the indentured servants had earned their freedom. Because replacements, whether black or white, wereRead MoreColonial Wars And The American Economy During The Civil War Essay1991 Words   |  8 Pageshave seen an Overseer beat a Servant with a cane about the head till the blood has followed, for a fault that is not worth the speaking of.... In 1680 the cost of indentured servants rose sharply by 60 percent as supply of labour decreased as conditions in the English labour market began to improve , co-insiding with an African slave trough of 1680’s the majority of the Southern colonies labour force slowly transformed from white indentured servants to black African slaves . The transformationRead MoreThe Life of the Catholic Church in the US1736 Words   |  7 PagesPeriod between 1565-1783. The life of the Catholic Church in US. Began with the Spanish conquerors, who founded the parish of St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. In 1598 the Spanish Franciscans they were evangelizing the peoples of New Mexico, but in 1680 the Hopi Indians rose up in arms, killed the priests, and prevented the restoration of the missions. Other missionaries who have come from Mexico christianized Arizona in the XVII century and Texas and California in the eighteenth century. Two

Security in a Post September 11th World Essay - 2278 Words

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, have greatly changed security policies in the United States. September 11, 2001, is an infamous day that has changed the United States in numerous aspects. After this infamous day, many people live with the fear of experiencing another major attack. After the attacks the national Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was created. One task given to the 9/11 Commission was to provide recommendations designed to prevent future attacks. In order to prevent another attack the power of security in the United States was increased. The effects of this increase in security can be seen when going through airport, going to a ball game, or even just†¦show more content†¦The system did not protect against suicide bombing or hijacking. The prescreening system has since been expanded to protect against these threats by triggering a secondary screening of passengers and carry-on items. The chec kpoint-screening technology used on September 11, 2001, received very little improvement since the 1970s; therefore, the technology was very limited in its capabilities. One goal of the TSA was and still is to correct the vulnerabilities of screening technology. Eventually, Whole Body Imaging, or WBI, machines were developed to remove the vulnerabilities of the screening process. However, WBI scanners struggle to gain acceptance by passengers because of many believe the machines invade one’s privacy due to the high resolution, reveling images of the passenger. Health precautions also are factors in people’s reluctance to use the machine. Many people fear that possibility of being irradiated by the x-rays used by the machines. When going through airport security today, one will be given the choice of using the WBI scanner or have a pat down by a TSA officer. The 9/11 Commission called for the addressing of human factors issues at screening checkpoints. Human factors iss ues that need to be addressed included screener selection and training, fitness for duty, and human interaction with screening technologies. To improve the issues in this area, universities andShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The United States Security1644 Words   |  7 PagesToni Ann Grasso Professor Sperrazza Sociology 101 Sociology Research Paper November 25, 2014 Security Post September 11, 2001 Post September 11th 2001 people ages 40-60 lost all trust within America. Faith in humanity was lost and now we need faith more then ever, we have lost what we call our security blanket. Every time we open a newspaper or watch the news after a long day of work we have the temptation to despair, filling ourselves with fear more and more each day. Everyone in our eyes is theRead MoreThe Effects of 9/11 on Airport Security678 Words   |  3 PagesThe September 11th attacks have had a profound effect on American history. Often referred to as â€Å"9/11†, these attacks were comprised of a group of organized terrorists known as Al-Qaeda. This extreme Islamic group assaulted several landmarks in New York City, Washington D.C, and the state of Pennsylvania. In New York City, two airliner jets were hijacked with passengers aboard and slammed into the World Trade Center. â€Å"The next attack resulted in a plane colliding into the Pentagon, government building;Read MoreEssay on The Im pact of September 11th on America613 Words   |  3 PagesThe Western World is a constantly changing machine, steadily moving forward in technology, in quality of life, and in culture. These changes are usually controlled and consistent. The terrorist attcks that occurred on September 11th changed all of that. In one morning, four airplanes changed Americas quality of life and culture. Americans belived its country was invunerable to an attack. Two Generations have passed since the last attack on American soil, and that was thousands of miles of the mainlandRead MoreSurveillance And The National Security Agency1729 Words   |  7 Pagesto surveillance in today’s world. Also, there are many different ways that technology allows people to get surveillance on many different things such as people, where they go, who they talk to, private information, and so much more. Surveillance and security in the United States has also changed significantly since September 11th, 2001. The N ational Security Agency also plays a big role in surveillance and security today and it has come a long way. The National Security Agency, also known as theRead MoreTerrorism And The United Nations Security Council1351 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism by its very nature disrupts international peace and security through premeditated, political violence. The 11th September attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon disrupted the global economy. The attacks spawned and facilitated widespread personal fear, panic and economic dislocation (Bergen, 2002). According to the United Nations Security Council, one of the objectives of the terrorists was to create a state of global anarchy by means of influencing the conduct of governmentRead MoreThe September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on America: The Division of Nations and Views1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America divided two nations, yet knit one closer like the attacks on Pearl Harbor. There were many events that lead up to 9/11 that were only the beginning. The attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 was the finale. George Bush wrote in his diary, â€Å"The Pearl Harbor of the 21st century happened today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (George Bush). This attack was a surprise, just like Pearl Harbor, but the U.S. reacted swiftly and effectively. The appalling events Now, more than aRead MoreSafety vs Freedom of Speech Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesLook around you America. Your world is changing. Suddenly it’s no longer safe to fly in airplanes, atten d sporting events, or just open your junk mail. Almost daily, news of threats and security breach’s litter the airwaves, leaving many asking the same question. â€Å"How can we make our country safe again?† Unfortunately, there isn’t a simple answer. America is united in the cause, but divided over the methods of preventing terrorism. At this time of uncertainty, many are urging Americans to â€Å"give up†Read MoreSurveillance During The United States1747 Words   |  7 Pagesbe talking about the 9-11 bombings which was a day that no one can forget and which shuck up the whole of America. I will examines the factors contributing to the escalation in surveillance and its effects after 9-11 and what is being done against security and stopping terrorism happening. Also I will be talking about the NSA and what they are doing to stop acts of terrorism from happening. Introduction What is Surveillance? Surveillance is an observation of a person or group of people. TheRead MoreThe Effects Of Hate Crimes Against Muslims978 Words   |  4 PagesOn September 11th of 2001, more than 3,000 people died during the terrorist attacks. The event changed the lives of not just the people whose loved ones died on that day, but also of those who belonged to the Islamic world. The experience of Muslims who lived in America in 2001 and those who were yet to come here would never be the same again. After 9/11, the number of hate crimes against Muslims in the United States increased and their everyday lives changed forever due to the rise of islamophobiaRead MoreEssay about A sigh of relief: Obamas Speech on the death of Bin Laden1242 Words   |  5 Pagescountry. Through pathos, repetition, and anecdotes, Obama obtains the focus of all Americans, those for and against him, to remember September 11th and to inform them of the justice that has been served while also attempting to gain approval for the election of 2012. September 11th, 2001: planes hijacked, towers collapsing, smoke, fire, confusion, death. September 11th is a day that no American who was alive could ever forget. George W. Bush, president at that time, determined that a war with Al-

Literature Review- Parenting Styles and Child Development

Abstract A parenting style is a method or type of parenting which directly and indirectly influences the development of the child. Developmental psychologists study the physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, emotional and personality growth and development that occurs throughout a lifetime. The purpose of this research was to identify how specific parenting styles positively and negatively correlate with behaviors in children, how they affect children, and what methods of parenting could be used to benefit the development of children. Parenting Styles and Child Development Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact their child’s development. However, finding the actual†¦show more content†¦When the parents were examined, 82 of the mothers and 7 of the father were Illiterate, 240 of the mothers and 233 of the fathers were primary school graduates, 73of the mothers and 98 of the fathers were middle school graduates, 72 of the mothers and 107 of the fathers were high school graduates, and 24 of the mothers and 48 of the fathers were university graduates. Researchers had parents of each sample group answer a set of questionnaires, the Delinquency Scale (DS), The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), and the Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS). The Delinquency Scale (DS), is used to determine behaviors which would be regarded as crime if they reflected and bring adolescent face to face with laws. The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) is a 26 item scale that has three factors: acceptance/ invol vement, strictness/supervision, and psychological autonomy. The Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) is a 40 item self report instrument that assesses satisfaction across five specific life domains: family, school, friends, self and living environment. The researchers concluded that when all test results were considered, satisfaction variables perceived from strictness/supervision, school, family and self have a positive correlation and meaningful contributions in explaining the highness of delinquency. While the researchers stateShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles and Culture1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdiverse cultures that can shape parenting behavior, some basic assumptions regarding the links between parenting styles and developmental outcomes may not be universal. Much research has been conducted on the different parenting styles across cultures. There are also many myths about which parenting style is the best or the most beneficial to the social development of children. Reviewing past literature on this subject matter reveals that the authoritarian parenting style produced more overt aggressionRead MoreImportance And Usefulness Of Evaluating Self Esteem924 Words   |  4 PagesKeizou; and Watanabe, Kumi focus on the child’s self-esteem. Children begin to develop their self-esteem in the environment they are raised. As the child built their self-esteem the child gains an understanding and the abilities to learn how to deal with conflict, decision making, the way they communicate, and how well they adapt in society. A child who cultivates a positive self-esteem is sheltered from a mental illness, depression, and are able to better deal with problems and stressful situationsRead MoreThe And Parental Authority Questionnaire1535 Words   |  7 Pages(Buri, 1991). The goal was to determine if an association existed between the developments of resiliency and parenting styles utilizing Baumrind’s parenting style typologies, a uthoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles of parenting (Ritter, 2005). Results from the study established that authoritative parenting style was associated with high levels of resiliency, while authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were most often associated with low resiliency (Ritter, 2005). Members of theRead MoreThe Sexual Orientation Of Parents Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 1: Stacey, J., Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review, 66(2), 159-183. The goal of this study was to dispute the negative â€Å"heterosexism† perceptions attached to the development of children with parents who identify as gay and lesbian. The authors focused on the analysis of previous research findings, comparing the outcomes of the children from heterosexual single-mothers and homosexual parents, particularly lesbianRead MoreThe Impact Of The On A Child s Development1737 Words   |  7 PagesParents: maybe the one of the biggest impacts on a child’s development. The influence parents have on their children is tremendous. They can quite easily help or hinder their child’s development by their parenting style and the opportunities they afford for their children. The nuclear family has a mom and a dad, which is the societal norm. With the passing of gay marriage this year, the questions and prejudice of same-sex parents have been brought to light and revived. Concerns about whether or notRead MoreParents : The Single Biggest Impac t On A Child s Development1736 Words   |  7 PagesParents: maybe the single biggest impact on a child’s development. The influence parents have on their children is tremendous. They can quite easily help or hinder their child’s development by their parenting style and opportunities they afford for their children. The nuclear family has a mom and a dad, which is the societal norm. With the passing of gay marriage this year, the questions and prejudice of same-sex parents have been brought to light and revived. Concerns about whether or not same-sexRead MoreDifferent Strokes For Different Folks? Parenting Styles And Child Outcome1787 Words   |  8 PagesFolks? Parenting Styles and Child Outcome Monique Ocanas Governors State University Different Strokes for Different Folks? Parenting Styles and Child Outcome Much emphasis has been placed in the field of child development and the role that early providers possess when it comes to the needs of children at the early stages of life. Whether conceptualizing socialization and priming with Locke’s â€Å"tabula rosa/blank slate† or Rousseau’s â€Å"preassembled moral schema† approach to child developmentRead MoreThe Aspects Of Teens And The Aging Out Process Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This literature review will cover the aspects of teens and the aging out process. When children in the system are provided with care. Over time they are usually adopted, or live in a foster home. Leaving the adolescence stage, and now transitioning to a teen it becomes somewhat more difficult to place the child. There are instances where the teen is not placed in a family. In a continuing cycle while in the child services system. Once the teen turns 18, they are considered an adultRead MoreSocial Class and Occupations on Parenting Styles1529 Words   |  7 PagesDahir Nasser Soc 202 Topic # 7 Abstract In this paper I will discuss the affects of an individual’s social class, and occupations on their parenting styles. Most of the literature points to the upper classes careers providing them with opportunities for freedom and room to express themselves. The research also shows that the lower classes occupations require much more conformity and ability to simply follow directions. Many of the studies have also been correlated to the ways parents raise theirRead MoreWhat Are Some Effects Of Divorce Or Separation On Children?1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Literature Research Question: What are some effects of divorce or separation on children? Introduction Divorce is defined as the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. Divorce and parental separation can be very damaging to children and can have adverse effects. (Anderson, 2014, pg 379) Although each family is different, divorce has been shown to cause problems in a child’s relationships with their parents, cause issues in their education, and a child

Integrative Research Methodologies

Question: Discuss about the Integrative Research Methodologies. Answer: Introduction The integrative research is a review as well as systematic approach used as the evidence in the selected question. Moreover, the integrative research is a research evidence concerning the current situation in a respective field or an organization. The integrative research is carried to outline the various perspectives as well as methodologies that provides the foundation of the research. Although, integrative research not only helps in draw the overall conclusions bit also helps in outline the practical significance(Weinreich, 2016). Conversely, in this assignment the integrated research review will be carried out for a sports organization that is an international sportswear for more than 100 sports that includes rugby league, hockey, cricket and football named as Kukri. The methodologies adopted will help in analysing the different trends using the experiments that only help in getting sufficient evidence for the market but will also help in guiding through the popularity of the organization(Gosling, 2015). The evidence received from the qualitative as well as quantitative analysis will contribute to the research through community resources. Quantitative Research Methods The quantitative research methods are the numerical as well as quantifiable data that is based on different experimentation. However, the quantitative method considered here is non-experimental quantitative research where the existing variables are studied (Walliman, 2015). However, the organization that we have taken needs to be studied on the issue of question of cash in the Kukri regarding the IT problems as well as the serious illness of the senior member lead to service failures. Although, the study will be manifested on the two groups one who were involved in the issue and one who were not. Nevertheless, the personal characteristic of each individual will lead to data analysis of the possible result. Cross- Sectional Studies The cross sectional study is the quantitative observational study that is descriptive in nature with respect to outcome and the risk factors. The cross- sectional studies are termed to be relative as they are carried one time only (Krickeberg, Pham Pham, 2012). However, they do not give sequence of events even if they are performed again. This study is best for analysing the change in trends based on hypothesis generated research. On the other hand, the event issue in Kukri Sportswear Company though will not relate causality but if done manually may help in evaluating the current and the future research. The possible strengths as well as weaknesses of this research can be given in the table below. Strengths Weaknesses This research is inexpensive and does not involve any funding (Bryman Bell, 2015). It is difficult to make any association or connection between the previous as well as current study. No casual inference. It is efficient in estimating the viability of interest in the related issue such that sample taken estimated the population such that there is loss to follow up study (Krickeberg, Pham Pham, 2012). Different results in different timeframes. Therefore, the question of cash issue in sportswear company took place in 2015. Today in 2016, the results might be different and may not be affecting the previous result. Many results and risk are considered It results in prevalence-incidence bias (Neyman bias). The longer lasting effect will be represented on present circumstances (KremersCakir, 2014). Analysis:The cross sectional study is assessed to provide a different scenario that might be related based on hypothesis but this may incorporate to be good opportunity to achieve a wide base of knowledge for the respondents who have the certain result of interest with optimal solution levels. Quasi- Experimental Studies Quasi- Experimental Study is the study to measure the social variables such that are recognized under the experimental process. Although, this method is quantitative in nature but it resembles to be qualitative as well. The study is based on section of groups and this can be considered one of the apt method to perform the experiment. There is no pre selection of groups but the division is convenient as different values are guided in different groups but a little disruption is possible(Shuttleworth, 2016). The study is to analyse the reason for the issue and the actual reason for the delay in services in Kukri regrading sportswear to reach to the customers. Moreover, the two variables considered in this case are the ones who were subjectively involved and not involved in the event to take place. Strengths Weaknesses The grouping between the employees can be an issue but results can be generated of the trends in the sportswear company As it does not involves randomization, statistical results generated would be meaningless As subjected, it is often illustrated with the internal case studies and allow some sort of statistical input to take place(Shuttleworth, 2016). The research will not stands up to rigorous statistical scrutiny as a result the researcher would not be able to control the factors that have affected the outcomes (Campbell Stanley, 2015). As it does not involves pre-screening and randomization. It avoids necessary costs, time as well as resources undertaken in the research (Campbell Stanley, 2015). Kukri would not be able to gauge accurately which groups possessed information regarding the issue and were influenced by the factors. Analysis:Quasi Experimental design is considered to be a powerful as a reliable tool as it is able to assess the validity of the issue. Moreover, it will highlight the key areas were the true experiment was possible. Hence, it provides a good overview of the results generated from the experimental design. Table 1: Strength and weakness of the analysis (Source: created by author) Participants, Sampling, Cost/ Funding, Time frames, Resource and Feasibility The participants considered in quantitative research methods are large yet the sampling undertaken is systematic random probability sampling. The quantitative research methods yet are feasible but may illustrate more resources. However, the costs as well as time frames is less as compared to qualitative research methods (Bryman Bell, 2015). Qualitative Research Methods The qualitative research method is a type of research that is done to seek answers to problem statement or a research question. It is defined based on the systematic set of procedures that are predetermined in advance. The qualitative research is done to evaluate the specific phenomenon through the implication of quantitative data (Creswell, 2013). Kukri is a sportswear organization where it needs to analyse the internal environment of the country which can only be possible with the help of research that involves the detail perspective of the organization and its sportswear in different sports. The two qualitative methods that will be undertaken are in-depth interviews and participant observation. In-depth Interviews The in-depth interviews are optimal for collection of the perspectives as well as experiences on the sensitive topics. However, when we compared with the organization. The in-depth interview will help us getting the insight from the middle as well as the senior level management on the organizations position in the market and the internal environment of the Kukri. The in-depth interview will be in an open-ended questions where the respondents not only answer questions like yes or no but also incorporate questions like why or how so that systematic recording of the data probes deeper meaning and understanding. The in-depth interview is a guided conversation where different ideas as well as situations can be explored (Bound Stack, 2012). The common characteristics that will be portrayed during the research would be that the respondents from the organization while conversing can explore boundaries highlighting the context of the problem like IT problems that caused delays as well as customer service failures that caused quite a damage to the reputation of the business. The main issue like the question of cash can be evaluated by giving potential solutions and even managing the results from the quantitative methods (Gosling, 2015). However, undertaking this strategy highlights some advantages as well as disadvantages in the research methods. Strengths Weaknesses It helps in providing more information about the key issue as well as the trends of the organization Kukri. It can give bias responses because the manager does not want to put his job at stake. It is conversation based so it gives respondents a comfortable atmosphere so that they can speak with the chain of thoughts. It is time exhaustive as the researcher as well as interviewer needs to take out time from their busy schedules to conduct the research (Fowler, 2013). Different types of conversation can be used such as direct as well as indirect because if the respondents are not comfortable then the interviewer can take forward the conversation in third person rather illustrating the situation in the form of a case study (De Vaus, 2013). As it will be based on small sampling, the data gathered cannot be generalized but the issues as well as the trends of the Kukri will be known Analysis:In-depth interview research method is carried to analyse the decision making process of the managers in the organization. Even more, its weaknesses cannot be considered evident as its might help in getting those results that were unanticipated by the interviewer. Table 2: Strength and weakness of the analysis (Source: created by author) Participant Observation This type of research study is effective because it helps in providing while anticipating the daily life of the group or the organization such that the nature of the organization can be met by the behaviour as well as interpretations that are observed while conversing with the respondent. Although, is a screening process but the conversation is carried out in leisure time for an extended period of time with local language as well as dialect. The information is recording in field notes (Spradley, 2016). This can be other method that can help in analysing the framework of the internal environment of Kukri. Moreover, it can be analysed tacit as well as explicit information in writing as well as analysis. The analysis can divide its participant with the degree of involvement in the organization. Type of Participation Source: (Spradley, 2016) The strengths and weaknesses can be highlighted as under. Strengths Weaknesses It is a best method as respondents behaviour and attitude will help in describing the way a person can actually take decision for his organization Only the current behaviour of the research is recorded which can be misleading and result to biasness (Robson and McCartan, 2016) It is efficient in short samples and becomes suitable when contacted a bunch of people. It does not help us examine the respondents as a whole as the respondents knowledge as well as the ideas are not shared (Garner Scott, 2013). It also helps in recording the nature of past behaviour to understand the reasons that went wrong when the issue like question of cash took place. It is time consuming. Analysis:The basic function that helps in undertaking this research method is that the emotional reactions provided with the participants helps in giving analytical leads. Moreover, it allows the ethnographer to identify the biases and prejudices over changing attitudes of the events as well as the people. Table 3: Strength and weakness of the participating observation (Source: created by author) Participants, Sampling, Cost/ Funding, Time frames, Resource and feasibility When analysing through the participants only a short number of sample can be considered on the qualitative research. Although, it is time consuming but the result generated on the qualitative approach can represent a great deal of happening just like observed in the Kukri organization regarding the supplies. In-depth interview might not be feasible but participants observation is effective. The sampling that will be taken for this particular research will be purposive sampling as only top management will be considered for the event of issues and the status of the internal environment of Kukri. This sampling is considered to be successful amongst all others as the analysis is subject to done in conjunction with data collection. Ethical and cultural consideration in research in Kukri (Sportswear Organization)Ethical considerations are an important part of any research. In order to have a successful integrated research about the international sportswear, Kukri, various ethical considerations must be considered while conducting the survey and the analysis (El-Khani, et al., 2013). Firstly, the effectiveness of the research method undertaken should be based on the ethical principles that will lower the finding possibilities. Secondly, the ethically an organization like Kukri has ethical standing and the issue had indirectly affected its reputation in the New Zealand. Thirdly, ethical considerations are taken for more credibility and leadership that can be undertaken in fostering human dignity or the provision of services. Lastly, the professional and legal issues are held in by professional certification or licensure organizations (Wilcoxon, RemleyJr Gladding, 2013).Cultural considerations also play an importan t part in the research of the international sportswear brand. The major key ethical issues and cultural are: Consent/Assent for the respondents In order to publish the views of the respondent in any research paper, it is essential for the researcher to take the consent of the respondent. This consent is important as the respondent may not be comfortable to allow his views to publish. It might create various legal issues in near future and hamper the interest of the research. The sport brand, Kukri, might fall into legal trouble before publishing their research (Miller, et al., 2012). Thus, the company must frame its consent forms for the respondents and ask them to fill up after the survey is done. Confidentiality The researcher should maintain privacy and confidentiality of the data that it is publishing in order to maintain the interests of an organization. It is also the responsibility of the researcher to secure the information that the participant is ready to reveal. Revealing confidential information of the respondents is considered as a crime. If the researcher is not comfortable in publishing his confidential information in the research paper, and the researcher publishes them, the research could be charged with criminal offences. This would not abide by the ethical consideration and violate the civilian rights of the respondents. Kukri, being an important brand in international sports wear, should not reveal the confidential information of their respondents and research. This would also help to prevent revealing of the success of their business to other competitors. Honesty It is also ethical for the researcher to maintain honesty while conducting the survey. The data and the analysis that the researcher presents should not be fake. It is also essential for the researcher to conduct its own survey. It will be unethical if the researcher copies the work of the other researcher. Honesty is important in research. Gaining the trust of respondents and living up to the expectations of the respondents is the foremost important ethical consideration on the company. Dishonesty would lead to degradation of the brand value and it would hamper their business. (Waycott, et al., 2015). Openness when the researcher surveys the respondents about their views regarding the international sports brand, he should be open about the pros and cons of the research to the respondent (Bryman, 2013). The respondents must be told about the various risks present in the research. Not disclosing the pros and cons of the research would hamper the rights of the respondent and Kukri might be into legal troubles in near future. Reveling about the research is important under ethical considerations. Cultural issues Cultural issues are another important part that must be considered while doing the research. People of various cultures use the international sports brand. They differ in taste and research that includes these various tastes turns out to be a successful one. Cultural difference leads to difference in the preference of the design, color, and quality of the sportswear. Considering these diversities is important for the research (Shaw, 2016). If various cultures of New Zealand is not considered under the research, there would be a difference created among various cultures and it would hamper the importance of the research. This would in turn create indifference among the people and the company would be tagged as partial to their users. Troubles would be created due to the indifferences and the aim of the research could not be attained. Objectivity- Bias in experimental design and data analysis should be avoided by the researcher. Personal and financial interests must be avoided that may affect the research. It is also essential for the researcher to be sincere and strive for consistency (Miller, et al., 2012). The research should include people of every culture and regions of New Zealand. The international sport wear company should not be bias in their research and they must have an outcome of their research which is beneficial for every people who prefer sportswear. Discrimination should not be considered into research and the objective of the company must be beneficial for every class of people. Treaty of Witangi and principles: The Treaty of Witangi was signed between British Crown and Maori in the year 1840. Waitangi Tribunal established the Treaty of Witangi Act 1975. This is the law that refers to the treaty. The court cases helped in defining the new laws and findings of Waitangi Tribunal. The meaning of the treaty to the contemporary New Zealand society has been outlined. The text treaty is regarded as law as the version of English and Maori version are not the same. The treaty text focuses on the issues relevant at the time of signing. The goals and the intentions are taken into account in the treaty Principles: The treaty helps in building partnership and there is a duty for the partners to act in good faith and reasonably There is freedom to govern by the Crown It is the duty of the Crown to protect the interest of Maori Crown has to consult with Maori The Crown will not be avoiding the obligation under the treaty by conferring the authority to some other body The new circumstances are taken into account in the treaty Taonga includes the intangible assets of culture and all the resources are valued. Conclusions To conclude, it can be said that integrative research has helped in carrying out the research method that are appropriate for the issue that Kukri faced in 2015 regarding question of cash. However, the appropriate methods that can be appropriate under qualitative and quantitative approach were undertaken. Nevertheless, without respondents research cannot be possible. However, this outlines the ethical considerations that had be take in the research as well as in correspondence with the organization. References Bound, H., Stack, S. (2012). Practitioner Action Research., Singapore, pp.40-50 Bryman, A. (Ed.). (2013).Doing research in organizations. Routledge, New York, pp. 150-200. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 230-320 Campbell, D. T., Stanley, J. C. (2015).Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Ravenio Books., USA, pp. 200-300 Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications., USA, pp.256-500 De Vaus, D. (2013).Surveys in social research. Routledge , Australia, pp. 320-330 El-Khani, A., Ulph, F., Redmond, A. D., Calam, R. (2013). Ethical issues in research into conflict and displacement.The Lancet,382(9894), pp. 764-765. Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013).Survey research methods. Sage publications, USA, pp.110-134 Garner, R., Scott, G. M. (2013).Doing qualitative research: designs, methods, and techniques. Pearson Education , California, pp 160-177. Gosling, P. (2015).Questions of Cash: South Africa was stitched into the kit. It.The Independent. Retrieved 21 June 2016, from https://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/questions-of-cash-south-africa-was-stitched-into-the-kit-it-should-say-holland-9954839.html Kremers, H. M., akir, B. (2014). Issues in Setting Up a Study and Data Collection. InUnderstanding Evidence-Based Rheumatology. Springer International Publishing, USA, pp. 141-157. Krickeberg, K., Pham, V. T., Pham, T. M. H. (2012). Cross-Sectional Studies. InEpidemiology. Springer New York , pp. 143-146 Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M., Jessop, J. (Eds.). (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage , Cambridge pp. 230-235 Robson, C., McCartan, K. (2016).Real world research. John Wiley Sons , London pp. 230-359 Shaw, W. (2016).Business ethics: A textbook with cases. Nelson Education. USA. pp. 280-290 Shuttleworth, M. (2016).Quasi-Experimental Design - Experiments without randomization.Explorable.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016, from https://explorable.com/quasi-experimental-design Spradley, J. P. (2016).Participant observation. Waveland Press. USA, pp. 230-298. Walliman, N. (2015).Social Research Methods: The Essentials. Sage., London, pp. 230-289 Waycott, J., Guillemin, M., Warr, D. J., Cox, S., Drew, S., Howell, C. (2015). Re/formulating Ethical Issues for Visual Research Methods.Visual Methodologies,3(2), Canada, pp. 4-15. Weinreich, N. (2016).Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Social Marketing Research.Social-marketing.com. Retrieved 21 June 2016, from https://www.social-marketing.com/research.html Wilcoxon, A., RemleyJr, T. P., Gladding, S. T. (2013).Ethical, legal, and professional issues in the practice of marriage and family therapy. Pearson Higher Ed, New Orleans, pp. 230-250

GayMarriages Essay Research Paper Gay MarriagesThere are free essay sample

Gay-Marriages Essay, Research Paper Gay Marriages There are many of import issues discussed in public policy today. One of these issues is same-sex matrimony. This is an of import issue because it deals with a comparatively big minority of the United States. This issue is put into many different visible radiations including ethical motives, household values and faith ; and those of equality, constitutionality, and right to privateness. The facet with the most relevancy is invariably left up to debate is that homophiles are # 8216 ; gay # 8217 ; due to a combination of factors. These factors are environment and society-the outside influences- and genetic sciences. Hence, homophiles do non make up ones mind their ain gender, nor do straight persons. Therefore, homophiles should hold the same rights as straight persons, one of these rights being matrimony. If it is proven that there is so a cistron that causes homosexualism, than we can pull a analogue between non leting homophiles to get married and non leting blonds to get married. We will write a custom essay sample on GayMarriages Essay Research Paper Gay MarriagesThere are or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is why it is of great importance to public policy whether or non homosexualism is predetermined. Some, now believe that homosexualism, is genetically predetermined by a cistron on the X chromosome. If this is the instance, so homosexuals can non make up ones mind their sexual orientation, for it is predetermined. Not leting those who are genetically inclined to prefer the same sex to get married foliages homophiles with three picks. The first is to stay celibate their full lives so as non to # 8220 ; unrecorded in wickedness # 8221 ; ; the 2nd is to get married person they do non truly love or happen attractive merely for the matrimony benefits ; the 3rd and concluding pick is to populate together with their spouse and face the soiled expressions of fellow citizens, merely because they are populating together though they are non married. Marriage goes beyond the benefits, nevertheless. The establishment of matrimony is a really well-thought-of one, and holds much sentimental value for many people. If we look at the Declaration of Independence for inspiration, we read that all work forces are created equal. Does this exclude homophiles? Many think so merely because they believe that matrimony is non a right, but a privilege. This statement means that because homosexuals are non traveling to convey a kid into the universe, they do non merit the privilege of matrimony. Those that oppose this statement see matrimony in a different manner. They believe that if you love person, you have the right to bond yourself to them lawfully. There are many legal and economic benefits to marriage. Studies show that, by and large, married twosomes are more economically stable. When Sandra Rovira # 8217 ; s life spouse died in her weaponries from malignant neoplastic disease, her spouse # 8217 ; s company, AT A ; T, denied any and al l decease benefits to her. AT A ; T made it clear that if the jurisprudence recognized homosexual brotherhoods, so would they. Twelve old ages before, Ms. Rovira and her spouse, Ms. Forlini, formalized their relationship in a ceremonial where the two adult females exchanged rings and vows. However, because the authorities does non acknowledge this ceremonial, Ms. Rovira was denied the benefits that would hold been given to her if she were a adult male who had gone through the same ceremonial. An AT A ; T interpreter, Maureen Lynch, was quoted as stating, # 8220 ; If we have a benefit for partners and you don # 8217 ; Ts have a partner, that doesn # 8217 ; t mean we # 8217 ; ve discriminated # 8230 ; If you # 8217 ; re individual, you # 8217 ; re non being discriminated against, you merely wear # 8217 ; Ts have anybody who # 8217 ; s eligible for that benefit. # 8221 ; ( New York Times, 1989 ) This adult female was being discriminated against because she did non hold the option of get marrieding her spouse. If Ms. Rovira and Ms. Forlini could hold obtained a matrimony that was seen as valid by the jurisprudence, they would hold been able to portion the undermentioned benefit with many married heterosexual twosomes. # 8220 ; By the simple public act of marrying, work forces and adult females achieve a significant bundle of rights and responsibilities which, jointly supply support and predictability to their matrimonial relationship: 1 ) legal acknowledgment of their sexual brotherhood, 2 ) legal enforcement of their common duty to financially back up each other, 3 ) automatic care and detention of the kids of that brotherhood, 4 ) improved ability to follow the kids of others, 5 ) legal enforcement of their common duty to back up their kids, 6 ) legal acknowledgment of their constitutionality and the constitutional holiness and importance of their matrimony, 7 ) insurable involvements in each others lives, 8 ) next-of-kin position in medical exigenc ies, and, 9 ) in the event of decease, the right to one-half of each other # 8217 ; s estate. # 8221 ; ( www.clark.net/pub/quaker # 8220 ; Love and the Law # 8221 ; ) These rights are for all people who love each other. Not merely straight persons. In 1988, three homosexual instructors from New York sued the Board of Education. All three of these instructors had live-in same-sex spouses. They sued on the evidences that because the Board of Education did non give them the same benefits as married heterosexual twosomes, they were being discriminated against on the footing of sexual penchant ( Newsweek 1992 ) . In 1862, Charles Darwin wrote that, # 8220 ; We do non even in the least know the concluding cause of gender. The whole topic is hidden in the darkness. # 8221 ; In more recent old ages, nevertheless, this statement is being chipped off at by multiple surveies, which offer cogent evidence that there is a part on the X-chromosome labeled Xq28, which predisposes work forces to be homosexual. Biologists from the National Institutes of Health led by Dean Hamer did a survey in 1993 and a follow up survey in 1995. These surveies tried to demo what biological influences, if any, there are on sexual penchant. Both of Dean Hamer # 8217 ; s surveies suggest that a adult male may be predisposed to be homosexual due to cistrons he inherited from his female parent. In his first survey, Hamer compared the X-chromosomes of 40 braces of homosexual brothers and found one part, called Xq28, which was more likely to fit than would be expected if the two X-chromosomes from the female parent had been indiscriminately assorted. In 82 per centum of the braces, the brothers # 8217 ; cistron in inquiry matched. In their 2nd survey, which was used to corroborate the first, 67 per centum matched. In the 2nd survey, heterosexual brothers of homosexuals were besides included in the survey ( The Economist, 1995 ) . George Ebers, who is oppugning and look intoing some of Hamer # 8217 ; s research, says that he besides thinks that homosexualism is familial, but does non believe that the work should be merely focused on the X-chromosome. Ebers has looked into it himself and sees no linkage between the female parent and the boy. He besides did a survey of 40 homosexual brothers and found no linkage on the X-chromosome. Hamer says that this is because Ebers did non take topics from households, which would let for the maternal flow of heritage ( Science, 1995 ) . Two scientists named Odenwald and Zhang claimed to hold made male fruit flies gay by increasing the flies # 8217 ; degree of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Though this cistron besides exists in worlds, no linkage has yet been made to demo that serotonin affects the sexual orientation of worlds. In 1991 surveies showed that indistinguishable twins had a greater opportunity of holding the same sexual penchant than other braces of siblings. Besides in 1991, a Californian scientist showed that there was a little difference in the physical facets of the encephalon between homosexual and consecutive work forces ( Time, 1995 ) . Two others, Bailey and Pillard besides did a survey. This is the lone survey on the genetic sciences of homosexualism, which takes acceptance into history. This survey shows to a Fuller extent the consequence of environment on one # 8217 ; s sexual orientation. The survey besides provided a deeper expression at the familial facet. Bailey and Pillard recorded the sexual penchant of indistinguishable twins, fraternal twins, non-twin brothers, every bit good as adopted siblings that had no blood relation. More than half of the indistinguishable twins # 8217 ; orientation concurred ; while merely 22 per centum of fraternal twins had the same penchant. This shows t hat though cistrons seemingly play a portion, cistrons are non the lone commanding factor. About half of the indistinguishable twin brothers had a differing sexual orientation though they shared the same cistrons. The survey besides presented grounds that 11 per centum of the adopted brothers were homosexual like their siblings. In society on a whole, merely two to five per centum of the population claim homosexualism. Since the adoptive brothers did non portion the genetic sciences of their siblings, the consequence of the environment plays a big function ( The Hastings Center Report, 1997 ) . There are three possible functions that cistrons might play in sexual orientation # 8211 ; the indirect theoretical account, the direct theoretical account, and the permissive consequence theoretical account # 8211 ; in the indirect theoretical account, the cistron causes homosexualism in some environments, heterosexualism in others, and, in some cases, has no consequence at all. In the direct theoretical account, the cistron dictates wholly the sexual orientation of those who have it. In the permissive consequence theoretical account, the cistron will predispose person toward homosexualism, but it requires sexual orientation to be enforced by the environment ( The Hastings Center Report, 1997 ) . If it were well proven that there is a cheery cistron, it would be really unsafe to the spiritual right. # 8220 ; The right won # 8217 ; t like it because the work will propose that homosexualism is at least partially natural. # 8221 ; ( The New Republic, 1995 ) This is because of how stigmatized homosexualism has become. If homosexualism were as natural and impossible to alter as hair colour or race, it will go a batch harder to know apart against homophiles and deny them the benefits, which straight persons can have. If the innate sexual penchant of any given individual can non be changed, the United States authorities can no longer maintain homophiles from the rights, which they deserve ( World Press Review, 1993 ) . Though it may look good to the battle for homosexual rights, if a # 8220 ; gay cistron # 8221 ; is of all time pinpointed, there could be desperate effects. In recent old ages, many Catholic churches have had # 8220 ; intervention # 8221 ; plans where priests a ttempted to # 8220 ; remedy # 8221 ; a individual of homosexualism. Often these plans are forced upon cheery persons, though some chose to partake in order to get away from society # 8217 ; s favoritism and homophobia. Other # 8220 ; transition therapies # 8221 ; have involved some really rough interventions such as hormonal therapies, electroconvulsive therapy intervention, venereal mutilation, and encephalon surgery. Over half a century ago, in Nazi Germany, Hitler attempted to do the # 8220 ; maestro race # 8221 ; . One of the groups of people he attempted to snuff out was homophiles. He believed that homosexualism was familial and that by snuff outing the homophiles, no new coevals could of all time be born ( The Hastings Center Report, 1997 ) . Many homosexuals besides fear that people will see homosexualism as a # 8220 ; desert # 8221 ; and try to repair it. Martin Duberman, caput of the centre of Lesbian and Gay surveies at the City University of New York provinces, # 8220 ; Any determination will be used and twisted for homophobic intents. If it does turn out that for some people, there is a familial or hormonal constituent, the call will originate to take attention of that. # 8221 ; In fact, members of the traditional values alliance in Anaheim, California have already made clear that if a familial cause of homosexualism is proven, stairss will be taken to # 8220 ; rectify that familial defect # 8221 ; ( Time, 1995 ) . One of the biggest frights among homosexuals is that pregnant adult females will be told that her kid is traveling to be gay, and she will take to abort it. They besides fear that employers will get down to know apart based on sexual orientation. As of now, you can non state person # 8217 ; s sexual penchant merely by looking at them or taking a little blood sample. Many fear that this will alter if surveies prove conclusive that there is a specific cistron for homosexualism ( U.S. News A ; World Report, 1995 ) . The 3rd and concluding side of this statement is that a cheery cistron merely does non be. Some scientists accuse Hamer of # 8220 ; stacking the deck # 8221 ; and taking his topics so selectively that he discovered something that is non truly at that place. Hamer and his surveies are under probe by a few different groups for a few different grounds. The federal Office of Research Integrity accuses him of skewing the information of his first survey. ( U.S. News A ; World Report, 1995 ) This research is besides being questioned and investigated publically by George Ebers, a neurogenetics research worker at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario. Ebers is trying to double Hamer’s findings by carry oning a similar survey. Ebers claims that he has non drawn a similar decision. The ORI probe was triggered by the study of a adult female once a junior member of Hamer’s lab, in which she questioned the methods of Hamer’s research ( Science, 1995 ) . Whether or non homosexualism is familial brings up many issues, one of which is the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA for short ) . The two chief intents of DOMA are to specify matrimony, and to give the provinces the ability to hold their ain policy on whether of non they recognize same sex matrimony ( Weekly digest of Presidential Documents, 1996 ) . Sec. 1738C. Certain Acts of the Apostless, records, and proceedings and the consequence thereof ‘No State, district or ownership of the United States, or Indian folk, shall be required to give consequence to any public act, or judicial preceding of any other State, district, ownership, or tribe esteeming a relation ship between individuals of the same sex that is treated as a matrimony under the Torahs of such other State, . district, ownership, or folk, or a right or clam originating from such relationship.’ Section 7. Definition of ‘marriage’ and ’spouse’ ‘In finding the significance of any Act of Congress, or of any opinion, ordinance, or reading of the assorted administrative agency and bureaus of the United States, the word ‘marriage’ means merely a legal brotherhood between one adult male and one adult female as hubby and married woman, and the word ’spouse’ refers merely to a individual of the opposite sex who is a hubby or a wife.’ ( DOMA, January 3, 1996 ) Some believe that DOMA is good because it protects the moral rights of people. A representative of the Ethical motives and Public Policy Center worries that if same-sex matrimony is legalized, anyone who disagrees with â€Å"the new regime† will be forc ed into a conflict with the American legal system. Those who praise DOMA believe that it keeps kids from turning up and believing that being homosexual is okay. They believe that homosexual people are blasphemous, and to let them to get married would excuse this behaviour ( Christianity Today, 1997 ) . In Article Four, Section One of the Constitution the Full Faith and Credit Clause provinces: Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the mode in which such Acts, Records, and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. What this means is that if a individual or group of people, have a record in one province, it is valid in all provinces. If they receive a licence of any sort in one province, it is upheld in the others as good. It besides states that Congress has the right to specify the â€Å"effect† in which one state’s Torahs ac t upon another province. This is non meant to give Congress the right to take away the state’s right to take, like it does in DOMA. The province has to show grounds why it will non accept another provinces Torahs. DOMA takes away that right. The normal regulation for interstate matrimony is to continue the matrimony every bit long as it is valid where it was originally celebrated. The Full Faith and Credit Clause keeps provinces from selectively know aparting based on how â€Å"desirable or obnoxious† the other provinces policy is. â€Å"Thus a province could non use an apparently non-content-based matrimony equivocation statute merely to same-sex marriages.† ( Yale Law Journal, 1997 ) . Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution provinces: ‘†¦No province shall do or implement any jurisprudence which shall foreshorten the privileges or unsusceptibilities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any individual of life, autonomy, or belongings, without due procedure of the jurisprudence ; nor deny to any individual within its legal power the equal protection of the laws.’ This means that a province authorities can non do a jurisprudence, which denies person his or her rights. It is a homosexuals’ right to liberty and the chase of felicity, which is being denied by DOMA and by all 50 provinces, which do non let same sex matrimony. Every citizen of the United States has equal protection under the Torahs. This means that merely based on sexual penchant, we can non know apart against cheery people because they therefore are non protected every bit under the Torahs. I believe that there is so a â€Å"gay gene† and that it is indirect. Homosexuality is something that is greatly influenced by environment and society. I believe that if person is genetically predisposed towards homosexualism, but their societal state of affairs does non convey it out, they will move as a heterosex ual, but neer love to the fullest extent a member of the opposite sex. I believe that a male who grows up as a Catholic in the Bible belt with the homosexual cistron will be more likely to get married a female and neer recognize that he has a different naming. Meanwhile, a adult male turning up in New York City with the homosexual cistron, will recognize about from twenty-four hours one, and turn up content. Because homosexualism stems more from psychological factors than physical factors, environment and society play a big function in finding one’s sexual penchant. I think that some people are predisposed to homosexualism, but that entirely does non see that those people will be homosexual. The ground we know that sexual orientation is non determined strictly from environmental and social influence is that when we study groups of people from the same town, even the same household, we note that non all of these people have the same sexual orientation, though indistinguishable twins portion their penchant the bulk of the clip. I think that it is a positive measure for the homosexual rights motion that there are more and more surveies which show that homosexualism is familial in some manner, form, or signifier. I don’t believe that people will get down aborting foetuss shown to be predisposed towards homosexualism, for a really simple ground. The bulk of people who think that homosexual people are evil are the utmost spiritual right. This group besides vehemently opposes abortion. Those people who merely oppose cheery matrimony, but non cheery people, besides would non acquire an abortion because they are still excessively far right. As for other sorts of favoritism, these things already go on regardless of the fact that it has non been proven that homosexualism is determined by genetic sciences. The Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional. There is really small uncertainty in my head of this fact, particularly since I believe that homosexualis m is non a pick. Harmonizing to the Full Faith and Credit clause of the Constitution, all of the provinces must acknowledge a licence valid in one province as valid in theirs. The Defense of Marriage Act negates this, but merely in the instance of same-sex matrimonies. DOMA does non state that all matrimonies are up to the province to value, merely 1s between homophiles. This is discrimination pure and simple. If Congress made a jurisprudence stating that provinces don’t have to continue other state’s matrimonies of two blond people, there would be an tumult. This is precisely what Congress has done, except by manner of homophiles. Hawaii is really close to legalising same sex matrimony ( Critical Speeches, August 1, 1997 ) . For the interest of statement, lets assume that tomorrow Hawaii passes a jurisprudence that makes homosexual matrimony legal. Many homosexual twosomes will wing to Maui and go lawfully married. Once they fly back to New York, nevertheless, their l egal brotherhood is no longer valid. This is because of the Defense of Marriage Act. This has many intensions. For one, Hawaii might get down to overrun with homosexual twosomes that want their matrimony recognized. This puts a load on Hawaii’s authorities, which is non just to them. Hawaii is merely giving pick to a big minority of people. That minority should non be forced to take between matrimony and their withstanding calling. Under our fundamental law, all people must have equal protection under the jurisprudence. Homosexuals are discriminated against because of their sexual penchant, which is something they can non alter. A small over 30 old ages ago, interracial matrimony was illegal. This was overturned in the Supreme Court instance â€Å"Loving v. Virginia† which declared it unconstitutional on the evidences that this violated the Equal Protection clause in the Fourteenth Amendment. Making cheery matrimony legal is the following measure. It is non the United States authorities # 8217 ; s prerogative to state people whom they can and can non get married. They did non larn from the instance of # 8220 ; Loving v. Virginia # 8221 ; and go on to curtail us in matrimony, though no it is no longer about skin colour, but gender. This is unconstitutional and must be stopped. In decision, we must legalise cheery matrimony for all of the grounds stated above. The fundamental law protects all people, non merely those who are attracted to the opposite sex. Homosexuals are predisposed to their orientation, and merit the same rights as everyone else. Marriage is a right, non a privilege, and everyone deserves that right. There are legal every bit good as sentimental benefits to marriage. Any two people who are in love with one another and are ready to bond themselves lawfully every bit good as emotionally have the right to acquire married whether they are cheery or consecut ive. The Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional and is the incarnation of the homophobia of the United States Government. The Full Faith and Credit clause of the fundamental law is straight violated by this piece of statute law. DOMA does non every bit protect the United States citizens, and does nil but discriminate against a specific group of people. This is unjust and unconstitutional. There is a # 8220 ; gay cistron # 8221 ; and homophiles are merely moving in the manner that their familial codification promotes. Homosexuals are people, excessively. If one cistron in everyone # 8217 ; s DNA had been somewhat different, everyone could be homosexual. # 8220 ; There are merely two ways to set up a policy of equality: Give rights to all, or do non give rights to anybody. # 8221 ; This quandary, defined by Gallic author Alexis de Tocqueville, must be resolved. Mentions 1. The Economist, Nov. 4, 1995 2. Gallagher, John. 1997 # 8220 ; Marriage compromised # 8221 ; The Advocate, 71 ( May ) 3. Hafen, Larry C. 1997 # 8220 ; Bridle your passions: how modern jurisprudence can protect the family. # 8221 ; Vital Speeches, 20 ( August ) : 633-636 4. Holmes, Bob. 1994 # 8220 ; Gay cistron trial # 8216 ; inaccurate and immoral # 8217 ; # 8221 ; New Scientist, 141 ( March ) : 9 5. Irvine, Reed, and Joe Goulden. 1993 # 8220 ; Gays give incorrect spin on genetics. # 8221 ; Insight on the News 35 ( August ) : 31-33 6. Kramer, Larry.1997 # 8220 ; Same-sex matrimony, struggle of Torahs, and the unconstitutional public policy exclusion # 8221 ; Yale Law Journal 106 ( May ) : 1965-2008 7. Lawton, Kim A. 1997 # 8243 ; State Lawmakers Scramble to Ban Same-Sex Marriages # 8221 ; Christianity Today 2 ( Feb ) 84-86 8. Love and the Law. # 8220 ; Contrasting Legal Situations: Marriages A ; Committed, Loving, Same Sex Relationships # 8221 ; URL: ( July 14, 1998 ) 9. Marshall, Elliot. 1995. # 8220 ; NIH # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; gay cistron # 8221 ; study questioned. # 8221 ; Science 268 ( June ) :1841- 1842 10. Miller, Neil.1989. In Search of Gay America. New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press. 11. McConnell, John.1997: # 8221 ; A new matrimony mantra, # 8221 ; The Advocate, 759 ( May ) : 11 12. Mohr, Richard D. 1988. Gays/Justice: A Study of Ethics, Society, and Law. New York: Columbia University Press 13. Murphy, Timothy F. 1997. Gay Science. New York: Columbia University Press 14. Newsweek, March 3, 1992 15. The New York Times, September 21, 1989 16. Park, Alice. 1995 # 8220 ; New grounds of a # 8220 ; gay cistron # 8221 ; . # 8221 ; Time, 20 ( Nov ) :95 17. Radford, Tim. 1993: # 8221 ; Straight talk on the cheery cistron: will eugenics come out of the cupboard? # 8221 ; World Press Review, 9 ( September ) :23-25 18. Schuklenk, Udo, Edward Stein, Jacinta Kerin, and William Byne. 1997. # 8220 ; The moralss of familial research on sexual orientation. # 8221 ; The Hastings Center Report, 27 ( January ) :6-13 19. Thompson, Larry.1995. # 8220 ; Search for a homosexual gene. # 8221 ; Time 24 ( June ) :60-61 20. US Congress, Defense of Marriage Act. 104th Congress, 2nd session, January 3, 1996 21. Watson, Traci, and Joseph P. Shapiro. 1995. # 8220 ; Is there a # 8216 ; gay cistron # 8217 ; ? # 8221 ; U.S. News A ; World Report, 119 ( November ) :93-96 22. Weiner, Jonathan. 1995 # 8220 ; The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior. # 8221 ;

Internal and External Security for The Holiday Inn Online Reservation System

Introduction A hotel reservation system is an online method of booking hotel rooms; the people booking the rooms, who in most cases are travelers and tourists, normally do so by means of an online security system to protect their financial information and other private details.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Internal and External Security for The Holiday Inn Online Reservation System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Online reservations have a number of benefits: they save travellers time and resources, and they can book from anywhere and at any time, provided they can have access to the Internet (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005). Although a hotel reservation system is quite beneficial, it can be affected by internal and external security issues. The scope of this paper is to examine the security issues affecting the hotel reservation system at the Holiday Inn. The paper also outlines the strategies , which Holiday Inn can use to manage its security issues. Privacy Issues at Holiday Inn’s There are a number of privacy issues, both internal and external, which users of the application system can experience as they book for hotel reservations. The reservation system used at the Holiday Inn is based on hotel management software, which is prone to a number of privacy issues due to the fact that it uses the internet. The internal issues comprise threats propagated by malicious users, who mostly come from within the organization, while the external ones comprise threats such as viruses,which are initiated by outsiders. Such serious internal and external privacy issues can make the organization lose most of its customers; consequently, it is important to set up all the necessary security measures to avert any privacy issues (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005). The possible internal privacy threats that may occur to customers who make their bookings using the online reser vation system at the Holiday Inn include: malicious users and fraudsters. Malicious users refer to individuals who break into the organization’s computers without due permission from its administration department. Malicious users are mainly insiders who can manage to get access to the organization’s IT system as a result of the internet, which offers a broad connectivity of the hotel’s booking system. Malicious users attempt to break into the information system of the organization almost on a daily basis. The damages caused by such users, when they manage to break into the hotel’s system, are consequential to the organization as well as to its customers (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005).Advertising Looking for assessment on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fraud or theft is another internal threat to the privacy of the customers who apply for reservations at the hotel using its online ap plication system. Holiday Inn’s computer systems are at times exploited by fraudsters, thanks to the automation of the earlier traditional fraudulent methods. Such fraud occurs mainly when dishonest employees use computers to float small amounts of money from accounts of customer who make large deposits. During such fraud, the financial information belonging to the hotel’s customers is put at high risk, as it can be accessed by the fraudsters; consequently, such internal threats interfere with the privacy of the customers by divulging their financial information (Tesone, 2006). Apart from the internal threats, the reservation system used at the Holiday Inn is equally exposed to external risks, which are caused by hackers and viruses. Hackers are remote users who can access the hotel’s information system without authorization from its management. Hackers have smart tactics, which they use to bypass firewalls, encryption, filters, and other security measures insta lled by the organization to safeguard its information system. They focus on the networks of the organization to gain access to information that they know is valuable, but heavily guarded. If hackers gain access to the hotel’s IT system, they can interfere with the customers’ personal and financial information (Tesone, 2006). The second external threat to the privacy of the customers’ information is the existence of viruses in the hotel’s information and technology system. Viruses are programs that can harm the organization’s IT system by freezing or deleting important information from its computers. Viruses gain entry into personal computers through infected portable disks, email attachments and shared local networks. When viruses attack the organization’s network system, it can lose all or most of the important files, including personal details and financial information of the customers (Tesone, 2006). Threats – Internal and External Computer threats, which include internal and external attacks, can interfere with the hardware that is used to store vital resources of the organization; consequently, such threats can cause the organization serious hardware and software losses. Internal threats refer to attacks that are initiated by insiders of a firm, who mostly comprise unhappy and dishonest staff.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Internal and External Security for The Holiday Inn Online Reservation System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most employees who want become internal attackers can easily gain access to the organization’s information technology (IT) system; as a result, they are able to coverup their tracks by making the threats undetectable. The situation can get worse if such employees have administrative rights of entry into the organization’s IT system. As a result of internal threats, the organization can los e crucial files that are important in carrying out important business operations (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005).  On the other hand, external threats are carried out by attackers who are not employees of the organization. Most external attackers are malicious users who carry out the attacks by gaining access to the organization’s networks without the assistance of the employees. External threats are carried out by scanning and collecting data with the intention of causing damage to it. External threats are mostly detected through thouroughly scrutinizing all the firewall logs that exist in the IT system (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005). External threats are divided into two categories: structured and unstructured types. Structured external threats are carried out by people whose main intention is to damage important information concerning the organization, its employees and its clientele. The main inspirations behind structured external threats are ter rorism, politics, greed, and racial intolerance. These attackers comprise people who are highly skilled in up to date network attack methods, which they use to gain access to an organization’s system. An unstructured external threat is almost similar to a structured one only that it is normally done by unskilled attackers, whose motivation is to gain fame by attempting to hack into websites of either individuals or organizations (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005). Security Procedures Against Privacy Threats There are a number of procedures and resources within the organization that need to be protected against network threats. The resources include spywares, inventories, and passwords. Spyware refers to computer software designed in such a way that it is able to collect users’ personal information or change the users’ computer settings without their consent. Spyware applications are transmitted into an organization’s computer through an infected f ile, which is normally downloaded from a website. A computer can be protected against spyware by installing an anti-spyware application. Anti-spyware applications scans file downloads to ensure that none of the files contain such threats (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005).Advertising Looking for assessment on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Inventory is another resource within the organization that needs protection against threats. There are two types of inventories in the organization: software inventory and network inventory. The two inventories can be protected by installing Lansweeper into the organization’s computers and the entire IT system. Lansweeper, when installed into the system, enables inventory software to detect the applications installed on the system, and ascertains when the installations should happen. Lansweeper also enables network inventory to detect hardware appliances installed on the organization’s computers. Networks supported by Lansweeper also scan windows devices and other appliances such as IP enabled devices (Nyheim, McFadden, Connolly, Paiva, 2005). Lastly, passwords can also be used to protect the resources, which are kept in the organization’s computer systems. Passwords comprise words or numbers that are only known to the user and which they use to access their co mputer. Passwords are used to enhance system security and user privacy by preventing unauthorized people from gaining access to personal computers. The use of passwords also helps to prevent unauthorized actions, which compromise the security of the IT system. Passwords also help IT management personnel to protect the system from unauthorized disclosure or unauthorized alteration of the data kept in the system (Tesone, 2006). Conclusion The paper talks about the security and privacy issues affecting the hotel reservation system at the Holiday Inn. The privacy issues are caused by internal factors, such as malicious users, and external factors, such as hackers and viruses. Apart from the privacy issues, the paper also unveils the internal and external threats, which adversely affect the organization’s resources. Lastly, the paper recommends spyware protection, use of passwords and inventory enhancements, as some of the ways The Holiday Inn can use to protect its resources and private details of its clients. References Nyheim, P. D., McFadden, F. M., Connolly, D. J., Paiva, A. J. (2005). Technology strategies for the hospitality industry. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Tesone, D. V. (2006). Hospitality information systems and e-commerce. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sons. This assessment on Internal and External Security for The Holiday Inn Online Reservation System was written and submitted by user Desiree Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lord Of The Flies Essays (2332 words) - English-language Films

Lord of the Flies In his first novel, William Golding used a group of boys stranded on a tropical island to illustrate the malicious nature of mankind. Lord of the Flies dealt with changes that the boys underwent as they gradually adapted to the isolated freedom from society. Three main characters depicted different effects on certain individuals under those circumstances. Jack Merridew began as the arrogant and self-righteous leader of a choir. The freedom of the island allowed him to further develop the darker side of his personality as the Chief of a savage tribe. Ralph started as a self-assured boy whose confidence in himself came from the acceptance of his peers. He had a fair nature as he was willing to listen to Piggy. He became increasingly dependent on Piggy's wisdom and became lost in the confusion around him. Towards the end of the story his rejection from their society of savage boys forced him to fend for himself. Piggy was an educated boy who had grown up as an outcast. Due to his academic childhood, he was more mature than the others and retained his civilized behaviour. But his experiences on the island gave him a more realistic understanding of the cruelty possessed by some people. The ordeals of the three boys on the island made them more aware of the evil inside themselves and in some cases, made the false politeness that had clothed them dissipate. However, the changes experienced by one boy differed from those endured by another. This is attributable to the physical and mental dissimilarities between them. Jack was first described with an ugly sense of cruelty that made him naturally unlikeable. As leader of the choir and one of the tallest boys on the island, Jack's physical height and authority matched his arrogant personality. His desire to be Chief was clearly evident in his first appearance. When the idea of having a Chief was mentioned Jack spoke out immediately. "I ought to be chief," said Jack with simple arrogance, "because I'm chapter chorister and head boy." He led his choir by administering much discipline resulting in forced obedience from the cloaked boys. His ill-nature was well expressed through his impoliteness of saying, "Shut up, Fatty." at Piggy. (p. 23) However, despite his unpleasant personality, his lack of courage and his conscience prevented him from killing the first pig they encountered. "They knew very well why he hadn't: because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh; because of the unbearable blood." (p. 34) Even at the meetings, Jack was able to contain himself under the leadership of Ralph. He had even suggested the implementation of rules to regulate themselves. This was a Jack who was proud to be British, and who was shaped and still bound by the laws of a civilized society. The freedom offered to him by the island allowed Jack to express the darker sides of his personality that he hid from the ideals of his past environment. Without adults as a superior and responsible authority, he began to lose his fear of being punished for improper actions and behaviours. This freedom coupled with his malicious and arrogant personality made it possible for him to quickly degenerate into a savage. He put on paint, first to camouflage himself from the pigs. But he discovered that the paint allowed him to hide the forbidden thoughts in his mind that his facial expressions would otherwise betray. "The mask was a thing on its own behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness." (p. 69) Through hunting, Jack lost his fear of blood and of killing living animals. He reached a point where he actually enjoyed the sensation of hunting a prey afraid of his spear and knife. His natural desire for blood and violence was brought out by his hunting of pigs. As Ralph became lost in his own confusion, Jack began to assert himself as chief. The boys realizing that Jack was a stronger and more self-assured leader gave in easily to the freedom of Jack's savagery. Placed in a position of power and with his followers sharing his crazed hunger for violence, Jack gained encouragement to

Robert Peck Essays - A Day No Pigs Would Die, Peck, Gregory Peck

Robert Peck Essays - A Day No Pigs Would Die, Peck, Gregory Peck Robert Peck ?That is what being a man is all about? doing what has to be done.? This quote was said by Robert Peck?s father and was from a novel, A day no pigs would die. It clearly states that a man has to be a man, and they have to do what has to be done. Everybody must make difficult choices in life, but Rob Peck?s choices were very hard. Rob Peck had to grow up and mature quicker than most people of his age because he had to run the farm after his father?s death, the slaughter of Pinky, and because he had to get rid of the farm. One of the reasons why Rob Peck matured quicker then most people his age is because of the death of father. Once his father died, he had to take over the farm. Rob Peck, at his age, had a big responsibility to take care of the farm. Most people his age would not be doing what he were doing, taking over the farm. Most people his age were doing what kids his age had to do, but not Rob Peck. Another reason why Rob Peck matured quicker than most people his age was because of the slaughter one of his best friends. His best friend was Pinky, a harmless pig, which was his only pet. Not only did he know that Pinky was going to get slaughtered, but he actually had to be part of the slaughtering. The way he had to slaughter Pinky was probably something that made him mature quicker. To anybody, the killing of a best friend is really hard to handle and can make you mature quicker. Another reason why Rob Peck matured quicker than most people his age, was because of the big responsibility of selling the farm. Rob had to miss school to take care of the farm, so he wouldn?t lose it. He ended up selling it though. Almost nobody his age has the responsibility of selling the farm. That must have been something that made him mature quicker. All in all the manhood of Rob Peck came early because of many situations. Rob Peck had to grow up and mature quicker than most people his age. Very few people in the world that is as young as Rob Peck do not lose their father and have to take over a farm. This situation that Rob Peck was in was very arduous, just think if it happened to you. When you think that It should get better, it gets worse, Rob?s best friend dies, Pinky, that would be something really hard for anybody because that is a best friend. It still does not get better, Rob Peck has to sell the farm. Very few people Rob?s age in the world have the predicaments that he had, so you should be thankful what you have and glad that you do not have the situation that Rob Peck had.

Battle of Stony Point in the American Revolution

Battle of Stony Point in the American Revolution The Battle of Stony Point was fought July 16, 1779, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In the summer of 1779, the leadership of the Continental Army decided to mount an assault against Stony Point, NY after the position had been occupied by the British. The assignment was given to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne and the Corps of Light Infantry. Striking at night, Waynes men conducted a daring bayonet attack that secured Stony Point and captured the British garrison. The victory provided a needed boost for American morale and Wayne received a gold medal from Congress for his leadership. Background In the wake of the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778, British forces under Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton largely remained idle in New York City. The British were watched by General George Washingtons army which assumed positions in New Jersey and to the north in the Hudson Highlands. As the 1779 campaigning season began, Clinton sought to lure Washington out of the mountains and into a general engagement. To accomplish this, he dispatched around 8,000 men up the Hudson. As part of this movement, the British seized Stony Point on the eastern bank of the river as well as Verplancks Point on the opposite shore. General Sir Henry Clinton. Photograph Source: Public Domain Taking possession of the two points at the end of May, the British began fortifying them against attack. The loss of these two positions deprived the Americans of using Kings Ferry, a key river crossing over the Hudson. As the main British force withdrew back to New York having failed to force a major battle, a garrison of between 600 and 700 men was left at Stony Point under the command Lieutenant Colonel Henry Johnson. Consisting of imposing heights, Stony Point was surrounded by water on three sides. On the mainland side of the point flowed a swampy steam that flooded at high tide and was crossed by one causeway. Dubbing their position a little Gibraltar, the British constructed two lines of defenses facing west (largely fleches and abatis rather than walls), each manned with around 300 men and protected by artillery. Stony Point was further protected by the armed sloop HMS Vulture (14 guns) which was operating in that part of the Hudson. Watching the British actions from atop nearby Buckberg Mountain, Washington was initially reluctant to assault the position. Utilizing an extensive intelligence network, he was able to ascertain the strength of the garrison as well as several passwords and the locations of sentries (Map). The American Plan Reconsidering, Washington decided to move forward with an attack utilizing the Continental Armys Corps of Light Infantry. Commanded by Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 1,300 men would move against Stony Point in three columns. The first, led by Wayne and consisting of around 700 men, would make the main attack against the southern side of the point. Scouts had reported that the extreme southern end of the British defenses did not extend into the river and could be flanked by crossing a small beach at low tide. This was to be supported by an attack against the northern side by 300 men under Colonel Richard Butler. To ensure surprise, Waynes and Butlers columns would make the assault with their muskets unloaded and relying solely on the bayonet. Each column would deploy an advance force to clear obstacles with a 20-men forlorn hope to provide protection. As a diversion, Major Hardy Murfree was ordered to stage a diversionary attack against the main British defenses with around 150 men. This effort was to precede the flank attacks and serve as signal for their advance. To ensure proper identification in the darkness, Wayne ordered his men to wear pieces of white paper in their hats as a recognition device (Map). Battle of Stony Point Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Dates: July 16, 1779Armies and Commanders:AmericansBrigadier General Anthony Wayne1,500 menBritishLieutenant Colonel Henry Johnson600-700 menCasualties:Americans: 15 killed, 83 woundedBritish: 20 killed, 74 wounded, 472 captured, 58 missing The Assault On the evening of July 15, Waynes men gathered at Springsteels Farm approximately two miles from Stony Point. Here the command was briefed and the columns began their advance shortly before midnight. Approaching Stony Point, the Americans benefited from heavy clouds which limited the moonlight. As Waynes men neared the southern flank they found that their line of approach was flooded with two to four feet of water. Wading through the water, they created enough noise to alert the British pickets. As the alarm was raised, Murfrees men began their attack. Pushing forward, Waynes column came ashore and began their assault. This was followed a few minutes later Butlers men who successfully cut through the abatis along the northern end of the British line. Responding to Murfrees diversion, Johnson rushed to the landward defenses with six companies from the 17th Regiment of Foot. Battling through the defenses, the flanking columns succeeded in overwhelming the British and cutting off those engaging Murfree. In the fighting, Wayne was temporarily put out of action when a spent round struck his head. Battle of Stony Point, 1779. Library of Congress Command of the southern column devolved to Colonel Christian Febiger who pushed the attack up the slopes. The first to enter the innermost British defenses was Lieutenant Colonel Francois de Fluery who cut down the British ensign from the flagstaff. With American forces swarming in his rear, Johnson was ultimately compelled to surrender after less than thirty minutes of fighting. Recovering, Wayne sent a dispatch to Washington informing him, The fort garrison with Col. Johnston are ours. Our officers men behaved like men who are determined to be free. Aftermath A stunning victory for Wayne, the fighting at Stony Point saw him lose 15 killed and 83 wounded, while British losses totaled 20 killed, 74 wounded, 472 captured, and 58 missing. In addition, a host of stores and fifteen guns were captured. Though a planned follow-on attack against Verplancks Point never materialized, the Battle of Stony Point proved a vital boost to American morale and was one of the final battles of the conflict to be fought in the North. Visiting Stony Point on July 17, Washington was extremely pleased with the result and offered lavish praise upon Wayne. Assessing the terrain, Washington ordered Stony Point abandoned the next day as he lacked the men to fully protect it. For his actions at Stony Point, Wayne was awarded a gold medal by Congress.