Planck mission explores the history of our universe Research Paper

Planck mission explores the history of our universe - Research Paper Example With the help of NASA, Planck was able to construct a composite image from observations of the Milky Way Galaxy made at wavelengths of light longer than what we see with the naked eye. According to Charles Lawrence, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Planck is equipped enough to see not only the old light from the origin of our universe, but also gas and dust in today’s galaxy. Planck stated that it would make the data (that will be detailing all the observations made in the entire mission) available to the public on 5th February (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California para. 4). With this data, that has informed research in matters including dark matter, theories on the cosmos will be put to a test and the knowledge we have on the universe revolutionized. There are several points of interest in Planck’s mission. For any study on the origin of the universe, there are some issues that need to be addressed. Dark energy is said to have had a lot of power over the formation of the universe. Today, it is still believed to be affecting the survival of the planet probably due to acting against gravity. Researching on how the dark energy can affect the planet or the universe is imperative to understanding what effects it had during the creation of the universe. The milk way, also, is another important part of the study. Our planet is found in the milk way, and it is, therefore, crucial that proper knowledge of the region is acquired. Among some of the most striking findings is the length of time the universe was supposed to have remained in darkness. Planck’s data show that the universe may have remained in darkness during its infantry period for a hundred years or so (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California para. 5). This research, however, is inconclusive and subject to review. During this period, dark energy is a major factor of consideration. According to Planck, dark energy does exist, and it is working against gravity at an increased

Cold Mountain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cold Mountain - Essay Example It is worth noting that this two individuals only knew each other for a brief moment but Inman deserted the war troops in a bid to see Ada again. In summation the whole book is filled with flashbacks which give a detailed account of the history of this two separated souls. However, in the subsequent sections of this narrative we are going to discuss three important quotes and there relevance in the novel. First and foremost, â€Å"what have you achieved today? Was always nothing†. On the same point, the author uses this particular phrase to signify that Inman had nothing else going on apart from the fact that he wanted to be reunited with Ada. This is evident from the fact that he embarks on a fatal journey in his bid to reunite with Ada despite his war injuries that have not yet healed properly. Secondly, â€Å"But I had no idea on how to prepare a meal†. Apparently, the author uses this phrase to signify that Ada was helpless before her encounter with Ruby, a young woman who taught her survival techniques before the reunion with her husband Inman while she was hunting wild turkey. Lastly, â€Å"Then red her letter† â€Å"she could speak French and Latin†. It is worth noting that Ada was the ministers daughter thus she was well educated. In actual fact, the author uses this particular statement to support this argument since individuals who spoke both French and Latin at the time were mostly the literate individuals in the society. To this end, the cold mountain is an interesting fictional story thus can be read for leisure

An Analysis of an Aspect of the Role of the Early Year Practitioner Essay

An Analysis of an Aspect of the Role of the Early Year Practitioner - Essay Example Because of the apparent differences between the outdoors and indoors environment, the roles of practitioners in promoting children independence vary in these two distinct learning situations. This paper explores the various roles of the practitioner when young children are learning both in outdoors and indoors in fostering the child’s independence. Wells (2000) argues that developing a confident and independent child involves creating an enabling environment that promotes mental health. Promoting independence in children is a multidisciplinary and social cultural undertaking, intended to achieve the favourable conditions that enhance the wellbeing of the child. This undertaken through various activities that enhance emotional resilience, through activities formulated to encourage self-confidence, and life skills, such interpersonal skills and resilience (Barnes, 2000). In learning institution, promotion of mental health or independence in children is achieved through various a ctivities in both the outdoors and indoors setting. Nicol (2002, p93) defines outdoors environment as â€Å"a place that provides opportunities for a person to interact with the dynamic systems of nature and its elements†. ... Besides interacting with the environmental aspects, outdoors learning provides the children with limitless opportunities of engaging in social interactions with their peers and other members of the community (Kellert, 2005, p96-106). Outdoor environment provides three major types of learning, including environmental, personal and social education (Nicol, 2002, p52). This form of learning is accompanied by physical activities that play critical role in normal development of children and tackling health challenges such as obesity. Therefore exposing children to interact freely with the natural environment provides them with opportunities of engaging productively with nature (AIR, 2005). Higgins (1996) argues that failure to familiarize children to the environment adequately could induce fear of the natural world in them. Outdoors learning involves a wide variety of activities. Therefore, the role of practitioners is mainly restricted to facilitating the activities, using different mult isensory and experiential techniques (Education Scotland, 2008, p83). These approaches promote children’s involvement in various physical, spiritual emotional, aesthetic and cognitive experiences as components of learning. Organising outdoor learning activities requires utmost consideration of the various relationships necessary for optimising the learning experience and ensuring the needs of the children are met. Thus, the practitioner should consider relationship between participants involved, the activities and the place where the outdoor activities take place (Education Scotland, 2008). According to Barnes (2000, p39), children need space and freedom and these necessities underscore the importance of outdoor learning. Space provides

Group Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Analysis - Essay Example The work environment also teems with groups, either of friends or groups put together to facilitate the achievement of a specific organizational goal. The next stage in life is to form families of their own which are also groups with the cycle beginning all over again. Almost all activities carried out by people are done in groups, making them a core element of study with relation to understanding human behaviour. According to Forsyth, groups have long been the subject of interest to both researchers and scholars (2006). Extensive studies have been carried out with regard to how groups are conceived and how they are later dissolved; this includes how they are transformed and how they are used to either realize set aims, or how they can be used to execute offenses (Forsyth 2006). This paper discusses group dynamics and communication within a group of first year undergraduate nursing students’, participating in a peer-led team learning group. I participated in a peer-led team le arning group in my first year as a nursing student; therefore, this assignment is an overview of my observations of the group. The use of peer learning is a practice that has been adopted in many universities worldwide, as a means to improve students understanding of concepts through supportive discussions that take place in small groups, and where the discourse encourages as many questions as there might be, from students (Peer-Led Team Learning 2013). It is a fact that most students feel free around their fellow students, rather than around their lecturers and professors. This makes them more inclined to discuss concepts and questions with other students, than with a lecturer or professor. Peer-led team learning holds the strengths of being a method that enhances student engagement and motivation in learning, as well as overall performance (Centre for the Study of Higher Education 2002). This is due to the fact that in the process, students learn to communicate effectively as they work in teams, while peer leaders gain self-confidence, learn a number of group management skills, and how to teach. In this context, students were requested to band themselves into groups of four. Two peer leaders (i.e. group leader and assistant group leader) for each group were then selected from third and fourth year students, who had displayed exemplary performance in class. As a way of equipping them with the necessary skills, the peer leaders were taken through brief training mainly focussed on how to handle groups. When this was set, each group was given a structured problem to solve. According to the guidelines, each group was required to meet twice every week, and members were given the privilege to choose the best time for their discussions. Description of Peer Leaders and Group Members Characteristics and Behaviours 1. Tom (Group leader) He is a fourth year nursing student. He is firm, confident, and resourceful. His resilience and optimism helps him conquer complex pro blems. He also has a very open minded approach to things. He is however quite poor in time management since he often comes late for the discussions, and is usually late to meet deadlines. His lack of respect for time and set deadlines is at times considered as lack of respect towards the assistant group leader and group members. 2. Olivia (Assistant group leader) She is a third year nursing stud

Legal Sources of the UK Constitution and Human Rights Law

Legal Sources of the UK Constitution and Human Rights Law 1. The UK constitution is described as an unwritten one. Explain with reference to the legal sources of the UK constitution and appropriate examples, why it is called unwritten, and consider whether the distinction between a written and unwritten constitution is legally significant. The word constitution has many different meanings, however only two of them are applicable to constitutional law. Firstly, constitution could mean a written document which contains the rules and principles according to which a country is run. Secondly, the word constitution could refer to: the body of rules and arrangements concerning the government of the country.[1] The second definition does not impose any requirement of writing. It should be stressed that although some states do not have a written constitution every country in the world, including the UK, has a constitution in the second sense of the word. Over the centuries the attitude towards the British/English constitution ranged from admiration to sever criticism. Thomas Paine went even further, he ruled out a possibility that an English constitution could exist.[2] The British constitution has been sometimes described as ‘political.’ Griffith believes the word ’political’ can be used to refer to a wide range of qualities, e.g. the UK constitution assumes equality of all citizens and many important rules are not legal rules. He also stressed that operation of the constitution is closely linked to Parliament and Parliamentary elections, this leads to a conclusion that the British constitution must be analysed in the political context.[3] The UK constitution draws on a wide range of sources: statutes, common law, the royal prerogative, international treaties and agreements, conventions and academic texts written by legal experts. As an expression of Parliament’s will statutes are the most important source of law, some of them have a particular constitutional significance, e.g. the Magna Carta 1215, the Act of Settlement 1701, the Representation of the People Act 1983 and the Human Rights Act 1998. Another written source of law is case-law. Although judges should merely interpret the law, and not get involved into a law making process, many crucial legal principles have been established in the course of legal proceedings, for example in British Railways Board v Pickin[4] Lord Reid said that the courts have no power to overrule Acts of Parliament on any grounds. International treaties and agreements, such as for instance the Treaty of Rome 1957, have also become a source of English law; similarly, texts written b y legal experts may acquire exceptional legal significance, e.g. Diceys An Introduction to the Study of Law of the Constitution. The unwritten sources of the UK constitution are the royal prerogative and conventions. The royal prerogative stems from the powers which used to be exercised exclusively by the monarch and which are now exercised by the ministers on the Queens behalf. The examples of the royal prerogative are the power to declare war, the control over the appointment of ministers and the right to dissolve Parliament. The legal nature of conventions is somewhat different, they are non-legal norms which should be obeyed by those to whom they apply; although conventions cannot be enforced by the courts they are usually respected. As the above discussion illustrates, a large part of the constitution is written. However, due to lack of a separate document which could be called a constitution this fact is often disregarded and the UK constitution is said to be unwritten. The unwritten character of the UK constitution, or rather the existence of unwritten rules, has serious legal implications. The first point to note is that Parliament can pass and revoke the law as it sees fit. Until recently the British constitution did not guarantee any rights; although an Act, called the Bill of Rights, was enacted as early as 1688 it dealt exclusively with issues related to Parliament and Crown. This meant that, in theory, Parliament could pass any legislation it considered appropriate even if it infringed rights of UK citizens. Prior to the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998 the only limitation on the Parliamentary sovereignty in cases involving of human rights violation would have been the rule of law. However, effectiveness of the rule would have been limited if the courts, wanting to avoid interference with Parliamentary decisions, refused to enforce it. This should be juxtaposed with countries which have written constitutions and where rights of ordinary citizens are protected by specially drafted provisions. In addition to being uncodified the UK constitution is flexible and unitary (provided devolution is not taken into account) but it is not entrenched. The result is that while written constitutions are rigid the UK constitution is flexible, an advantage of flexibility is that any necessary changes can be introduced quickly and relatively easily. On the other however, lack of entrenchment leaves a lot of power in the hands of a small group of people. Moreover, unwritten constitutions always involve a degree of vagueness, the situation is made worse by the fact that norms which are not written cannot be enforced by the courts. These problems do not arise if the constitution is written, yet it does not follow that all the relevant law can be found in the constitution. Munro argued: â€Å"It ( ) also suggested, wrongly that in countries such as the United States, all the rules and arrangements concerning government had been reduced to writing in a single document. In practice, this is never the case.†[5] Both written and unwritten constitutions rely on the legal precedent, they are formed and modified by judicial interpretations of the law and political practices. The UK constitution is said to be unwritten however as has been shown above it is not, strictly speaking, true. The constitution relies on a wide range of sources and most of them can be found in writing. It has already been mentioned that the constitution can be described as political, yet following developments such incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights, membership of the European Union and changes which took place post-1997, more and more constitutional rules are being codified. Thus, according to Munro the UK constitution is becoming ’legal.’[6] It is, therefore, submitted that the gap between the unwritten British constitution and the written constitutions in other countries is gradually becoming narrower. The new EU constitution may close this gap entirely. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition, 1999. ARTICLES Griffith, John, The political constitution, (1979) 42 MLR 1. CASES British Railways Board v Pickin [1974] AC 765, [1974] 1 All ER 609. STATUTES, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS 1215Magna Carta 1688Bill of Rights 1701Act of Settlement 1950 European Convention on Human Rights 1957Treaty of Rome 1983Representation of the People Act 1998Human Rights Act 2. Explain the doctrine of ministerial responsibility to Parliament. Consider whether it should be constitutionally necessary for Ministers to defend their decisions in judicial review claims before a court, as well as answering to Parliament for those decisions. Ministerial responsibility can be either collective or individual, since it is a convention it is unwritten and unenforceable in the courts of law. The operation of the doctrine can be described as follows: â€Å"Ministers are responsible for the general conduct of government, including the exercise of many powers legally vested in the Monarch; and ultimately, through Parliament and parties, to the electorate†[7] The convention of ministerial responsibility has a historical origin, it is a product of tradition and a multitude of historical events. In the nineteenth century ministerial departments used to be very small and the ministers’ workload was limited, in this circumstances it was not unreasonable to expect ministers to be responsible for all their civil servants; this explains how the doctrine of individual ministerial responsibility was born. Collective ministerial responsibility can be traced back to the ministers’ relationship with the Monarch, in the past the sovereign played a role of the Prime Minister and ministers were expected to answer to him. A minister who fails in the performance of his duties has four options: he can explain the situation to Parliament, apologise to Parliament, choose to take action or, in extreme cases, resign. The convention of individual ministerial responsibility has often been found problematic, it is not always clear when, and for what reasons, ministers should resign. It is debatable whether they should resign due to problems in their departments or only if they fail to accomplish tasks for which they are personally responsible. In the past ministers could not be excused from responsibility for their own civil servants, however following the Crichel Down affair (1954) the convention no longer seems to be so severe. It can even be argued that as ministers begun to refuse to resign there has been a shift towards the other extreme. In 1983 James Prior did not hand in his resignation over the Maze Prison escapes. In his view the fallings of the prison system resulted from an inadequate policy.[8] Th e Scott report also had an effect of limiting ministerial responsibility, it concluded that ministers should continue to answer to Parliament but they should no longer be personally responsible for the mistakes of their subordinates. The Nolan Report on the other hand deepened the extent of ministerial responsibility, it stated that ministers should avoid conflicts of interests and bear in mind the impact which their private lives may have on their ministerial positions.[9] The past few years have seen an increasing drive towards accountability, transparency and codification. Thus, in 1992 a decision was taken to publish the previously confidential Questions of procedure for ministers. The Questions, which are now known as Ministerial Code: A Code of Conduct and Guidance on Procedures for Ministers, provided guidance for ministers and played a role of a partly codified convention. In 1995 the Code was amended and the new version instructed ministers not to intentionally misinform Parliament. Appointment of Select Committees also had an impact on ministerial responsibility, the Committees can conduct their own enquiries, question ministers and interview witnesses. At the same time, however, complaints have been made regarding the availability of witnesses and access to documents. The doctrine of collective ministerial responsibility is based on three main principles: the confidence principle, the unanimity principle and the confidentiality principle. The fist principle presumes support of the House of Commons as long as the Government does not receive a vote of no confidence. The second principle imposes an obligation on ministers to vote unanimously while the confidentiality principle demands that any discussions which take place in Cabinet remain confidential. A good example of a breach of the convention of collective responsibility is Clare Short’s disapproval for the war in Iraq. Judicial review can be described as a process of challenging decisions of public bodies, public bodies include the executive but not Parliament. Judicial review proceeding are conducted by the Divisional Court of the Queens Bench. It should not be confused with an appeal procedure, judicial review involves an assessment of the legality of a decision. There are three grounds on which the court can declare a decision ‘unlawful:’ illegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety. Illegality arises when the law has been misunderstood or misinterpreted and therefore applied incorrectly, irrationality applies to cases where the judgement appears unreasonable or unfairness, while procedural impropriety refers to cases involving bias. Following the judgement in R. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council[10] even discretionary ministerial powers can now be challenged in the process of judicial review. Nevertheless, review of ministerial powers will not be possible in cases involving political decisions, national security or government policy. In R v Director of GCHQ ex parte Hodges[11] one of the judges said: I apprehend for myself that the majority of their lordships were of the view that once it had been established by evidence that a decision had been made on behalf of Government in the interests of national security the whole ambit of that decision was one which the courts can neither enquire nor intervene. It is undisputable that the GCHQ case is a groundbreaking decision, instead of concentrating on the source of the power the courts have been encouraged to focus on its nature. Many forms of scrutiny of the ministerial power are already in place, ministers answer to Parliament, they are subject to judicial review and in cases of serious misconduct they may be investigated by the Select Committees. As regards the breach of conventions the sanctions are political rather than legal, this means that conventions may be ignored and courts are unable to compel the executive to obey them. Yet, ministers may be subjected to political pressure, Clare Short resigned two months after her Iraq war announcement while Sir Thomas Dugdale resigned over the Crichel Down affair. In the later case the process of Parliamentary scrutiny was as a result of pressure exerted by backbenches. In these circumstances, it does not seem necessary for the ministers to answer to Parliament as well as be subjected to judicial review. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition, 1999. ARTICLES Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Individual ministerial responsibility issues and examples, Research Paper 04/31, (2004). Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Collective responsibility of Ministers an outline of the issues, Research Paper 04/82, (2004). CASES R. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council [1991] 1 AC 521. R v Director of GCHQ ex parte Hodges (1988) QBD. 3. Explain whether devolution has had any impact on the sovereignty of the Westminster Parliament. Devolution is delegation of centrally held power to regional governments. In the 1980s New Labour advocated devolution in order to win votes in Scotland and Wales, however the actual process of transferring power did not gain momentum until the 1990s. Devolution featured in the New Labours election manifesto and it was only when New Labour won the general election that changes begun to take place. Yet, the reasons behind devolution were not only political but also economic. In the 1980s England was going through a period of high unemployment and although the economic situation in England was critical it was even worse in Scotland and Wales. There was also a feeling of discontent caused by an unequal distribution of EU funds and unfair economic policies which favoured England. Dissatisfaction with British rule was even more visible in Ireland where it frequently led to violence. The 1916 rebellion in Dublin, known as the Easter Rising, was followed by the two year civil war. Eventuall y, the persistence of Sinn Fein forced the British Government to negotiate and Ireland was divided into two parts. Britain retained a much smaller northern part which is now known as the Republic of Northern Ireland.[12] Both academics and politicians distinguish three different types of devolution: administrative, legal and financial.[13] As the name implies, administrative devolution involves delegation of power to manage parts of the administrative system. The central government retains control over related matters of greater importance, for instance even if a regional body is put in charge of healthcare and/or education, as it is the case in Scotland, privatisation decisions must be taken by Westminster. Financial devolution involves granting of power to rise taxes, change the taxation rate or make decisions concerning distribution of public funds. Similarly, legislative devolution refers to the transfer of rights to pass legislation. Devolution is often said to be asymmetrical this means that power is not distributed evenly, e.g. although the structure of the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly are similar the later cannot legislate on policing and criminal matters.[14] These a rrangements have far-reaching consequences for Westminster, firstly it can be argued that following the break-up of the colonial system Parliament exercises its powers over a smaller geographical area.[15] Devolution, along with the membership of the European Union, create an impression that the remaining Parliamentary influence outside England is largely superficial. Secondly, the fact that devolution is asymmetrical could lead to calls for additional rights in order to redress the balance, the White Paper considering an extension of legislative powers of the National Assembly of Wales is already being considered.[16] According to Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, a classic work by Dicey, sovereignty means that Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.[17] In view of the above discussed developments can it still be argued that Westminster has not suffered any loss of sovereignty? Theoretically, there is no conflict between sovereignty and the process of devolution, in the memorandum to the Procedure Committee, the Leader of the House, Margaret Beckett said: None of the devolution legislation affects the House’s ability to pass legislation on any matter. For all public bills, the Government would expect that a convention would be adopted that Westminster would not normally legislate with regard to devolved matters without the consent of the devolved body.[18] Finally, Munro explains that being sovereign Parliament is free to impose limitations on its own power.[19] Despite what has been said above there is also evidence to the contrary, devolution produced a paradoxical effect known as the West Lothian Question. It means that although Scottish MPs can seat in the British Parliament and decide on issues related exclusively to England English MPs have no influence on similar Scottish issues which have been devolved. This situation has been severally criticised on many occasions and led to calls for an English Parliament.[20] Parliament tackled these problems by further devolution but this time power was devolved to the English regions, e.g. the Regional Agencies Act 1998 established development agencies[21] while in 2000 the newly established Greater London Authority saw its own elected Mayor and the London Assembly. In November 2005 the Government issued a Consultation Paper which proposes extending the responsibilities of the London Assembly and the London Major.[22] These developments have already limited, and will continue to limit, the power s traditionally held by the legislature and the executive. Although, in theory, Parliament could choose to withdraw the devolved powers at any time a total withdrawal is unlikely to be possible in practice. Westminster would have to consider both political and social implications of such actions and it is likely that the response of the public would range from widespread discontent to outright violence. Riots would be likely to break out in Northern Ireland where, as mentioned at the beginning of this paper, violent resistance to English rule has taken place in the past. In 1972 Edward Heath re-established direct rule over Northern Ireland, he was criticised by both unionists and nationalists. The sense of national identity in Northern Ireland remains very strong while in Scotland objections to a withdrawal of devolved powers would probably be raised on nationalist, and particularly economic, grounds. Consequently, it is difficult to deny that devolution undermined sovereignty of Westminster Parliament; arguments to the contrary have limited , and purely theoretical, validity. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, (1999), Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition. ARTICLES CONSULTATION PAPERS A Consultation Paper, The Greater London Authority: The Government’s proposals for additional powers and responsibilities for the Mayor and Assembly, (2005). Leeke Matthew, Chris Sear and Oonagh Gay, An Introduction to Devolution in the UK, Research Paper 03/84, (2003). Wood, Edward, The Procedural Consequences of Devolution, Research Paper 99/85, (1999). WHITE PAPERS STATUTES 1998Regional Agencies Act 2005Government White Paper: Better Governance For Wales INTERNET SOURCES Campaign for an English Parliament, http://thecep.org.uk/devolution.shtml [Accessed on 4 August 2006]. 4. Explain how the Human Rights Act 1998 has changed the approach to the protection of human rights in the law of England and Wales. Has the change been for the better or for the worse? Enactment of the Human Rights Act was one of the many objectives which featured in the New Labour’s 1997 election manifesto, the proposal to implement the Act was also part of a much broader programme of constitutional reforms. The statute, which entered into force in 2000, implements the European Convention on Human Rights. According to Lord Lester of Herne Hill the Human Rights Act 1998: â€Å"declares basic rights and freedoms inherent in our common humanity, and the ethical values of a modern democratic society governed under the rule of law a society in which individual and minority rights must be protected against the tyranny of majorities and the abuse of public powers, especially where excessive means are used to pursue legitimate ends. The Act provides an ethical framework to guide law- makers, judges, and individual men and women.†[23] However, as will be shown below the changes brought on by the Act have not always been considered positive. Prior to its entry into force the Act received a lot of negative media coverage, concerns were raised about widespread abuses of the immigration procedures as well as the welfare system. There were also fears that the Act would force judges to disregard Acts of Parliament and by doing so undermine the doctrine of Parliamentary supremacy. Yet, as the subsequent events have shown most of these concerns proved misplaced. The unease about statutory interpretation was mainly due to section 3 which provides that, whenever possible, legislation must be enforced consistently with the Convention. Section 4 adds that in cases where such interpretation is not possible the court may issue a declaration of incompatibility. The declaration does not overrule any provisions but merely states that the law does not comply with the European Convention of Human Rights. The Act lead to an increased protection for the rights of individuals, e.g. in Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones v Hello![24] the Court of Appeal recognised the right to privacy. Another notable example of human rights protection is the decision in Mendoza v Ghaidan,[25] in this case the protected Rent Act tenant passed away. The court was asked to consider whether, for the purposes of the law of succession, the surviving homosexual partner should have the same rights as he would have had if the couple was heterosexual. The case is significant for several reasons: firstly, the court held that discrimination was unlawful, secondly, it shows that the Human Rights Act applies both to public and private bodies and thirdly, the court interpreted the Rent Act 1977 broadly enough to give effect to the Convention rights. In the opinion of Lord Lester of Herne Hill Mendoza[26] was correctly decided, he even prised the decision for upholding constitutional rights which include equal tre atment.[27] Despite what has been said above the Act is also known to have its opponents. The decision in R (Q and others) v Secretary of State for the Home Department[28] proved particularly contentious and it has been a subject of a sever ministerial criticism. The court held that firstly, the Home Secretary must support asylum-seekers and secondly, the Home Office acted in breach of Article 6. Article 6, which grants a right to a free trial, was violated when the applicants were refused to have their circumstances assessed on individual basis, moreover they were not allowed to appeal. In response to this decision the Home Secretary, David Blunkett, said: If public policy can be always overridden by individual challenge through the courts, then democracy itself is under threat.†[29] In Alconbury Limited v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions[30] Lord Hoffmann was equally disapproving of the way the case-law has been developing, he that although the Human Rights Act was meant to reinforce the rule of law it reinforced the rule of lawyers instead. September 11 gave rise to many contentious legal issues, human rights, terrorism, extradition and prohibition of torture are now hotly debated. Some of the problems stem from the fact that newly granted civil liberties are counter-balanced by measures introduced on the grounds of national security; hence the Terrorism Act, which came into force on 13 April 2006, prohibits ’glorification’ of terrorism. The ’glorification’ of terrorism is now a criminal offence and applies to speech as well as membership of political and non-political groups. There is a possibility that the provisions of the Act will conflict with the rights guaranteed by the Human Rights Act 1998, future challenges are likely to be based on Article 10 which guarantees freedom of speech and expression. It is yet to be seen what will be the effect of the Act and how it will be interpreted. Another issue which has become particularly contentious is extradition. The Human Rights Act 1998 does n ot contain any provisions prohibiting extradition however it does impose some conditions, the person who is being extradited should not be subjected to torture or inhuman treatment. Finally, can it be said that following the implementation of the Human Rights Act the protection of human rights has improved or, on the contrary, worsened? It seems that there is no ’right’ answer to this question. As has been shown above, ministers can be very critical of the way the Act is interpreted while the judiciary appears very enthusiastic. Nonetheless, human rights are now an integral, and written, part of the British constitution. The Act introduced a new approach to statutory interpretation and added to the range of reasons on which government action can be found unlawful. In other words it increased the accountability of the executive and at the same time encouraged respect for the rule of law. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the Act facilitated many positive changes. BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS Munro, Colin R, Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths, second edition, 1999. ARTICLES Glover, Richard, Retrospectivity and the Human Rights Act 1998, [2003] 4 JCLI. CASES Alconbury Limited v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions [2001] 2 WLR 1389. Mendoza v Ghaidan [2003] 2 WLR 478. Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones v Hello! (2001) 2 All ER 289. R (Q and others) v Secretary of State for the Home Department, 20 February 2003, Times Law Reports STATUTES 1998 Human Rights Act 2006Terrorism Act INTERNET SOURCES Lester, Anthony, The Human Rights Act five years on. 2003 (online). Available from: http://www.hrla.org.uk/docs/lord lester.pdf#search=human rights act 1998 law [Accessed on 6 August 2006]. Footnotes [1] Munro, Colin R., Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths) 1999, p. 1. [2] Munro 2. [3] Griffith, John, The political constitution, (1979) 42 MLR 1. [4] [1974] AC 765, [1974] 1 All ER 609. [5] Munro 3. [6] Munro 13. [7] Munro, Colin R., Studies in Constitutional Law, Butterworths) 1999, p. 57, per G. Marshall and GC Moodie. [8] Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Individual ministerial responsibility issues and examples, Research Paper 04/31, (2004). [9] Oonagh Gay, Thomas Powell, Collective responsibility of Ministers an outline of the issues, Research Paper 04/82, (2004). [10] [1991] 1 AC 521. [11] (1988) QBD. [12] Munro 32. [13] Munro 29 44. [14]Matthew Leeke, Chris Sear and Oonagh Gay, Parliament and Constitution Centre, An Introduction to Devolution in the UK, Research Paper 03/84, (2003), p 7. [15] Munro 127 -166. [16] Government

How To Do Gram Staining

How To Do Gram Staining Observation of microorganism under microscope can be improved by using certain processes and techniques such as the staining. Staining is an important step to observe microorganisms more clearly, to differentiate between microorganisms as well as to differentiate parts in microorganism (Bagyaraj et al, 2005). The identification, morphology, some extracellular and intracellular components of microorganisms can be determined and detected through the staining. Many microorganisms difficult to be observed under microscope due to their colourless appearance and semitransparent properties as their refractive index almost same as surroundings (Patil et al, 2008). The stain improves contrast for visualizing microorganisms. Staining process can be explained either as physical, chemical reaction or combination of the both reaction. There are different types of staining such as the simple stain, differential stain and special stain. Simple stain can be used for observing certain basic structures as well as the shape of microorganisms. Differential stain while can be used in distinguishing between different types of microorganisms. Special stain on the other hand can be used for identifying specific structures in the microorganisms such as the flagella (Frey Price, 2003). Gram-stain is one of the commonly used differential stains. The Gram-staining process discovered in 1882 (published 1884) by Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist and plays an important role in the classifying the bacteria. Gram-staining is usually the first step in identification bacteria and can be used in characterizing bacteria. Bacteria species can be separated into two large groups, which are the Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups through the Gram-staining (Sridhar Rao, n.d.). This process also important in clinical laboratory such as to examine and identify bacteria responsible for certain diseases. Staining process requires the preparation of smear that contains a thin layer of bacteria. The preparation of smear involves spreading and fixing of microorganisms on the microscope slide. Use of smear prevents microorganisms from being washing away with stain (Vasanthakumari, 2009). Besides the smear, there are four important components in the Gram stain process, which are the primary stain, mordant, decolourizing agent as well as the counterstain that used in sequences. The primary stains usually basic dye such as crystal violet that reacts with acidic component of cell and causes all the bacteria to be stained with the crystal violet or purple. The other dye like the methyl violet can also be used. The other component, mordant in the Gram stain refers to iodine. Mordant is chemical that increases affinity of the stain to the microorganisms and also their coating, making certain structures thicker for easier observation under microscope. The decolorizing agent decolorizes dye from cell that already being stained (Rajan, 2005). The degree of decolorization different in bacteria depends on their chemical components. Decolourization agent commonly refers to ethanol or other solution like acetone or mixture of acetone and ethyl alcohol. Counterstain while is another basic dye that important in giving new colour for cells that decolourized. Counterstain can be the safranin (used in this practical) or the carbon fuchsin. The Gram stain (differential stains) gives different colour for different types of bacteria. The colour is the one that determine whether the bacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative. The Gram positive bacteria resist decolourization and give result of crystal violet or purple colour (primary stain). Gram-negative bacteria decolorize and give red or pink colour as it takes up counterstain (Ananthanarayan Paniker, 2006). The difference in result is due to the differences in the cell wall structure or composition of bacteria that causes the different in the reaction with the series of reagents in Gram staining (Talaro, 2007). Preparation of Staining Reagents: Crystal violet Solution A: Crystal violet 2.0g Ethanol, 95% (v/v) 20 ml Solution B: Ammonium oxalate 0.8g Distilled water 80 ml Solution A and B mixed. Mordant Iodine 1.0 g Potassium iodide 2.0 g Distilled water 300 ml Iodine and potassium blended with mortar, distilled water added during blending until iodine dissolved. Decolorization solvent Ethanol, 95% (v/v) Counterstain Safranin 0.25 g [2.5 %(w/v)] Ethanol 10 ml [9.5% (v/v)] Distilled water 90 ml Materials: Glass slide Escherichia coli in broth culture Escherichia coli in agar culture Bacillus sp. in broth culture Bacillus sp. in agar culture Staphylococcus aureus in broth culture Actinomycetes sp. in broth culture Actinomycetes sp. in agar culture Kimwipe Bunsen burner Dropper Distilled water Inoculation loop Procedure: Preparation of smear: For culture taken from liquid medium (broth), 1 drop of culture to be examined was transferred by using inoculation loop onto a slide and spread to from circular smear. For culture taken from solid medium (agar), one drop of distilled water first dispensed on the slide. The single colony then spread on the water to form circular smear. The slide was heat-fixed with flame. Gram-staining The slide was placed on the rack. 1-2 drops of crystal violet was dropped on the smear and left for 2 minutes. The crystal violet was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds. Iodine solution was dropped and left for 2 minutes. The iodine solution was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds. The smear was decolorized by washing with ethanol (95%v/v) for less than 10 seconds. The ethanol then rinsed off with distilled water for 10 seconds. Safranin solution was dropped on the smear for 10 seconds. The red-coloured safranin was rinsed-off with distilled water. The side was dried using Kimwipe or air-dry. The slide was observed under the microscope. Results: (A)Escherichia coli G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1773.JPG 1(a) Broth culture (zoom in). 1(b) Agar plate (zoom in). Figure 1: Microscopic image of Escherichia coli under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from different culture (B) Bacillus species G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1745.JPG G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1738.JPG 2(a) Broth culture (zoom in). 2(b) Agar plate (zoom in). Figure 2: Microscopic image of Bacillus sp. under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from different cultures. (C) Staphylococcus Aureus G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1767.JPG Figure 3: Microscopic image of Staphylococcus aureus under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from broth culture (zoom in). (D) Actinomycetes species C:UsersmichelleDocumentsUMS MICROBIOLOGYPHOTOSS1.JPG G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1760.JPG 4(a) Broth culture (zoom in) under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'-. 4(b) Agar plate (zoom in) under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'-. Figure 3: Microscopic image of Actinomycetes sp. under different magnification from different culture. Table 1: The result of Gram stain on different microorganism Type of microorganisms Shape of the microorganisms Colour stained on microorganisms Gram positive or Gram negative Escherichia coli (broth culture) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Pink Gram negative Escherichia coli (agar plate) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Pink Gram negative Bacillus sp. (broth culture) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Purple Gram positive Bacillus sp. (agar plate) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Purple Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus Coccus or round-shaped Purple Gram positive Actinomycetes sp. (broth culture) Mycelial Purple Gram positive Actinomycetes sp. (agar plate) Mycelial Purple Gram positive Discussion: For every bacterium studied, a smear is first prepared as the smear enables Gram staining to be done without washing away bacteria together with stain. The spreading process (for both broth and agar culture) enables the distribution of bacteria on slides so that suitable density of bacteria can be found on the slide. This increases chance of individual bacteria to be observed under microscope (Port, 2009). The microorganisms from agar first suspended in distilled water before spreading. Without spreading, bacteria may be too concentrated, crowded and overlapped (in clumps), making the observation to be difficult. The slide was heat fixed after drying. Heating enables coagulation and precipitation of protein of bacteria to occurs, hence fix the bacteria on slide. The bacteria killed and adhere to the surface. Fixation makes the bacteria rigid, immobile, increased permeability and affinity to staining. This also prevents the autolysis process of bacteria (Aneja, 2003). During the fixat ion process, slides not be placed directly above the heat or passed through too many times as overheat may causes changes in the shape and hence cause the distortion of the microorganisms. At the same time, less heat supplied may cause the microorganisms do not fix firmly. Before heat fix, the slide is allowed to dry completely as wet bacterial suspension may create aerosol (Shimeld, 1999).The presence of water may also cause over heating. The crystal violet added as the primary stain. Crystal violet is basic dye and has affinity for cell structures that are acidic such as the protoplasm. Crystal violet is added to stain everything on slide or to stain all bacteria (Gram positive or Gram negative). This is same for all the seven samples. Crystal violet dye enters the cells and stained with crystal violet colour. It was suggested that the aqueous dye dissociated into CV+ ion and chloride, Cl- ion (Hussey Smith, n.d.). The positively charged ion binds to the negatively charged components in cell after penetrating the cell wall and cell membrane, hence giving the purple colour. The extra crystal violet dye that not binds to cell is cleared by distilled water. Addition of iodine in next step enables the crystal violet dye to further fix and adhere to organisms (Medical Education Division, 2006). This is due to the formation of complex between iodine and dye ion (CV-I complex) as the negatively charged iodine ion (I- or I3 - ion) binds to the positively charged ion of dye (CV+ ion) in cytoplasm and hence bacteria appeared as violet colour (Vasanthakumari, 2009). The solubility of the dye decreased during the process as the ions bind to organisms. Iodine acts as mordant as it increases affinity of crystal violet stain to organisms. The addition of 95% ethanol as decolourizer enables the lipid to be extracted or dissolved from the cell wall for the Gram negative bacteria like the Escherichia coli. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane that constitutes most of the cell wall, also known as lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) in cell wall (Clark et al, 2009). This is a lipid bilayer structure that differs from cytoplasmic membrane. This layer not only made up of phospholipids and protein, but also polysaccharides that not commonly found in cytoplasmic membrane. Polysaccharide portion made up of core polysaccharides and O-polysaccharides while the lipid portion made up of lipid A which then bind to the core polysaccharides. This LPS layer is located outside a thin layer of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane gives rises to high lipid composition in the cell wall. Decolourizer dissolve off lipid, hence increases the permeability of cell wall which eventually enables the crystal violet-iodine complex to be lost toget her with the lipid. The cell wall (murein layer) of Gram positive layer while has no outer membrane but have thick, cross-linked and multi-layered peptidoglycan. Teichoic acids, the phosphorylated polyalcohol can be found embedded in peptidoglycan layers. These acids can be found bonded to muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan. Lipoteichoic acid which refers to the teichoic acids that binds to the lipids of membrane can also be found in Gram positive bacterial cell wall. In certain actinobacteria, structure called mycolic acids also can be found. The lack of outer membrane gives rises to low lipid composition in cell wall. Hence, the action of decolorizer on Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp.) causes dehydration of cell wall due to the thick peptidoglycan and the composition of lipid available to be dissolved is low. This eventually decreases cell wall permeability, closing pores on cell wall and hence retain the crystal violet-iodine complex inside (Diffe rential staining: The Gram Stain, n.d.). As the cell shrinks, the complex trapped in the thick peptidoglycan and hence cells do not decolourized. After this process, E. coli is in colourless as the crystal-violet iodine complex loses while Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. still in purple colour. Ethanol was not added for more than 30 seconds. Over decolourization can cause the stain of Gram positive bacteria to decolourize and appears as Gram negative (Betts et al, 2003). Under decolourization (too short) also avoided as it can cause dye to be removed incompletely from Gram negative bacteria. Both situations can give false results. After decolorization, smear was washed with distilled water for 15 second to completely stop the decolourization process. The counterstain, safranin solution then stained the E. coli that is colourless with the red colour. Safranin is basic dye (cationic ion) carry the positive dye ion, chromophore that attached to acidic cell structures (negatively charged) such as the protoplasm. Basic dye also attached to other negatively charged macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acid (Archunan, 2004). Both the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria took up the counterstain but the colour of Gram Positive do not change much as it already stained with p urple. For every dye, there is different period of time for staining. This is to prevent over or under stain that may results in inaccurate result. From the observation, Escherichia coli stained red and give accurate result of Gram negative. The shape of E. coli can be observed as rod shape. Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. while shows results of Gram positive as all are stained with purple colour. The shapes observed are respectively rod-shaped, round-shaped and in mycelial. For Staphylococcus aureus, the cocci shape is sticked together in clumps or amorphous sheet and not separated. For E. coli, bacillus sp. and staphylococcus aureus, two samples are taken, one from the broth and one from the agar. Both the samples show the same results. The difference is on the amount of microorganisms observed. Bacillus sp., for example, that taken from agar plate is very crowded. This is because the each colony taken contains a number of microorganisms. It is more difficult to be observed the shape of the organisms. However, the colour stained can be observed clearly. For the broth culture, individual organisms and the shape as well as the colour can be observed more clearly. Conclusion: Gram staining is important in differentiating Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in which the Gram positive bacteria stained purple colour while Gram negative organisms stained pink. Escherichia coli is Gram negative while bacillus sp., staphylococcus aureus and actinomycetes are Gram positive bacteria.

The New York Crystal Palace :: Architecture History

An Ode for the Inauguration of the American Crystal Palace: The nations meet, not in war, but in peace, beneath this dome. They meet to bring glory to God on high and goodwill to men. The Crystal Palace is a symbol of the might of Man. Look on, ye Nations, and vow eternal peace and justice. -William R. Wallace (New York Times, July 14, 1853) When the first major international exhibition of arts and industries was held in London in 1851, the London Crystal Palace epitomized the achievements of the entire world at a time when progress was racing forward at a speed never before known to mankind. The Great Exhibition marked the beginning of a tradition of world's fairs, which would be held in major cities all across the globe. Following the success of the London fair, it was inevitable that other nations would soon try their hand at organizing their own exhibitions. In fact, the next international fair was held only two years later, in 1853, in New York City. This fair would have its own Crystal Palace to symbolize not only the achievements of the world, but also the nationalistic pride of a relatively young nation and all that she stood for. Walt Whitman, the great American poet, wrote in "The Song of the Exposition": ... a Palace, Lofter, fairer, ampler than any yet, Earth's modern wonder, History's Seven out stripping, High rising tier on tier, with glass and iron facades, Gladdening the sun and sky - enhued in the cheerfulest hues, Bronze, lilac, robin's-egg, marine and crimson Over whose golden roof shall flaunt, beneath thy banner, Freedom. The plan for an American Crystal Palace originated with Edward Riddle, a Boston auctioneer and carriage-maker. He assembled a group of New York bankers who had either visited or heard marvelous stories about the London exhibition and were more than willing to invest in a similar project in the United States. Riddle tried but failed to interest the famed entrepreneur, P.T. Barnum, in the project. The group of investors soon petitioned the Board of Aldermen in New York City for use of Madison Square, located in lower Manhattan where Broadway and Fifth Avenue meet at 23rd Street, to build a "house of iron and steel for an Industrial Exhibition.

A Response to 2001: A Space Odyssey Essay -- 2001 Space Odyssey Essays

A Response to 2001: A Space Odyssey I love having the Blue Danube waltz in 2001; it's my favorite part of the movie. What I find most amusing about it is that it ties in so well with the smoothness of a space orbit. In the first space scene, anything that is free floating, like the pen or the ships themselves, is perfectly in balance with the music. Nothing in orbit is ever rushed, and at no time does it ever falter from its halcyon state of existence. The Blue Danube matches this perfectly, and it contrasts sharply with the forced human stellar endeavors that are also present. For example, when the attendant is attempting to walk along the spacecraft aisle, she looks like a toddler who is just learning to walk, and the music that accompanies her is so sublime and unencumbered. Even the pen she is reaching toward looks like a champion athlete in comparison to her awkward movement. On one level, this can be seen as a symbol for the general idea of humans fighting with nature itself. Humanity has always tried to se parate itself from the "beasts;" we have intricate eating customs that involve utensils, we wear clothes that are much more intricate than those that would be required by basic needs, and most importantly, we do everything we can to make our societies totally disconnected from nature. If this message is, in fact, a part of Kubrick's statement, then it is directly comparable to Nietzsche's ideas on science and technology. Specifically, I refer to the story on science in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra," where Zarathustra discusses the aspect of science that acts as a security blanket for mankind. As a race, we develop theories and inventions to understand our existence and force our e... ... though. Specifically, he makes me dread the scenes that showcase his creations of strife and pain. If Kubrick intended me to raise my blood pressure during the first space-monolith scene, then his use of Ligeti did the trick. Maybe that's exactly what he intended. Maybe he was trying to communicate the anguish that is inherent to the change embodied by the monolith or the incomprehensibility that overwhelms our imaginations if we think too hard about the infinite stretch of space. Or, maybe he just wanted something that made those particular scenes stick out and appear ripe for interpretation in any of numerous ways. Either way, regardless of the intelligence at work in the non-Strauss scoring, I still viscerally liked the Strauss and not much else musically. That's ok, though, because the Blue Danube and the introduction to Thus Spoke Zarathustra are just that good.

Operations Management Essay

1. Discuss how just-in-time manufacturing might affect a Job Shop (Consider both positive and negative impacts on both internal and external operations). Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing may affect a Job Shop both positively and negatively. The most important affect is that it improves the performance of job shop production. JIT also eliminates waste and/or decreases work in progress (WIP) in that same sense. JIT allows for products that are produced to fulfill an immediate demand for them. JIT emphasizes on quality. Quality is very important in JIT manufacturing because it decreases or eliminates costs and increases profits by producing high quality products the first time around. JIT allows for quality products to be transformed from raw materials into finished goods as expediently and efficiently as possible without delay. Some of the negative affects are unskilled or untrained workers. They may not make quality products because they are not trained properly or often. It may affect external operations by promoting competitive bidding between vendors to provide needed inventory. Sometimes this can cause friction between long-standing vendors and the company when they’re out bid by another vendor. It can tarnish the business relationship. 2. You operate a dairy farm, raising cows for the production of raw milk products. Briefly identify the levels of vertical integration that you would anticipate being possible for such an operation (include both backward and forward integration in your response). Operating a dairy farm, raising cows, would be a very challenging business to conduct. The competition for market share is outrageous. One level of vertical integration that I would anticipate is to possibly setup my own distribution center. I would face some challenges because I’d have to hire workers with this type of expertise, along with the knowledge of farming. Though I’d have to invest more capital and purchase or allot warehousing space for the added inventory, in the long run it would be much more economically beneficial to my farming business. I would become my own distributor, thus passing these savings to my customers, while gaining market share. Another level of vertical integration would be that I’d purchase more land to have grass to feed my cows, instead of purchasing feed from a feed company. That type of integration is called forward integration. 3. Discuss the concept of the â€Å"Process Spectrum†. Use examples where appropriate. The Process Spectrum is made up of five major types of manufacturing processes that a company may use to get to an end product, or a finished good or service. The continuous flow process is characterized by the flow of material. During this process, the material hardly ever stops, but moves constantly from one process to another. Using the continuous flow process, the time to transform raw material into a finished project can be easily estimated. The Job Shop process is the most flexible of the processes. Unlike the continuous flow process, the Job Shop process it group’s similar equipment together. This most often allows for products to flow from one machine to a different type of machine and back to a previous type of machine, if needed, unlike the continuous flow process. This process fulfills an outside customer’s order by an agreed-upon date and whatever quantity ordered. The batch flow process is most similar to the job shop process, in that the equipment is grouped by function rather than product. Unlike the job shop process, it produces products in an established lot size that move into an inventory from which further production or final customer orders are filled. The Line Flow process mostly resembles a moving assembly line, such as in the auto industry. In contrast to the continuous flow, the line flow is more flexible, less automated, and more labor/worker driven. The hybrid process is where the first part of the flow of materials resembles the batch flow process, while the latter part resembles a line or continuous flow process. In a hybrid process, on process separates the inventory by parts or semi-finished inventory, to be passed to the other process for assembly or finishing. 4. Compare and contrast the â€Å"Worker Paced Line Flow Process† and the â€Å"Machine Paced Line Flow Process† as relates to capital use, process speed, pacing, and materials requirements. In comparing and contrasting the â€Å"Worker Paced Line Flow† and â€Å"Machine Paced Line Flow† processes in reference to capital use, it is fairly cheap to manufacture and or service the customer base in the worker paced line flow than the machine paced line flow. Though the equipment is specially designed to produce the quality products of the company, the difference in capital use is greater in the machine paced line flow because the operations are most likely larger in size than the worker paced line flow process. In a worker paced line flow, the process of making raw material into a finished product is increasingly fast, such as in a fast food restaurant. The customers expect to be served in a decent time frame and expect their food to be fresh, hot, and in good or great quality. The product flow depends on the immediate demand. The greater the customer base, the greater the need to produce products and in a faster pace. However, it is still dependent upon the pace of the workers and their pace is monitored and adjusted by management as deemed fit for customer demand. In a machine flow process, the process of speed is fast. This is based upon the speed of the machine producing the product. However, machines can be set to achieve a set goal by management. In reference to materials requirements, in a worker paced line the amount of material or inventory needed or required is closely estimated by the amount of sales. In a machine paced line flow process, the amount is not known for certain until a production plan is established. 5. Briefly discuss the concept of the â€Å"cost of quality†. Consider both positive and negative costs associated with a typical quality program in a manufacturing facility. My understanding of the term â€Å"Quality is Free† is to make the product to specifications the first time, as to avoid the costs associated with correcting all of the defects. Poor quality could lead to poor customer relations, which is bad because most businesses are advertised through â€Å"word of mouth†. To scrap means to start over from the beginning. That’s not good because you’ve made the product twice at twice the cost. Costs can be mitigated when the products are inspected and tested to detect defects at different stages of WIP, before rolling out to the market. This is a good process to have in place. Ensuring workers are properly trained and cross-trained is a good preventative measure to have in place. The more processes a worker can perform, the more productive the company can be.

Benefits of High School Sports Essay

Bissinger’s essay focuses on the negative aspects of high schools sports, arguing that the worst aspects of professional and college sports have contaminated competition at the high school level. Write an essay in which you present the beneficial effects of high school sports on athletes, families, and communities, For example, you might discuss how playing on a team sport teaches students about working with others on a school assignment, a family project, or a community event. Tamesha Davis,  Being one of the top ranked athletes in Port Arthur Texas, experiencing great competition from other schools and students, setting an example as a leader and participating in a school activity kept me as a young student focused on school and being a part of a team. I felt that I had a dedication to my teammates, my coaches, my teachers, and friends. Having someone look up to you and want to follow in your footsteps is a great feeling. Becoming a part of the community as a leader in a sports like Track and Field, Football, Basket Ball, Tennis, Volleyball, Cheerleading, Debate Clubs, teaches you to work and get along with others on school assignments , family projects, and be apart of many community events. There are a lot of schools sports that bring parents closer to their children. I’ve seen a lot of parents come out and support their kids at these events. I am one who had a parent that didn’t get to come to my events, But their was other parents there to cheer me on and keep me motivated to keep the faith with the team. Having these parents there made a big difference in a lot of us, especially during school they helped us do our homework, our grades were passing, they made sure we were in class. The parents participated in school fundraisers, PTA meetings for our best interest. The carpools were a big support factor, my teammates parents made sure that all kids made it to practice and back home. High School sports is the start of a career where you get recognized and get the skills that you need to get into college. Scouts come out just to see who the best of the best. That’s where students get to show off their  talent. Getting a scholarship to a good college academically or through a sport is an achievement. Doing volunteer work in the community during high school looks good on a college resume. As a student in high school I had all of this support to succeed. I attend family oriented programs, to help me if I was having any problems or issues during school or at home. Community events was something that I attended all the time, getting together and gathering with teachers, friends, family, and other students to cheer on the players, basketball teams kept a lot of the students at our school occupied. They were not out in the community getting in trouble, getting arrested, causing mishaps. The students at our school were more focused on the â€Å"Battle of the Bands† at the football games. Back to school expos, were also great for the younger kids, that are just entering high school. It gave them a sense of being welcome, and not afraid to participate in the school activities. Being in a high school sport benefited me throughout my journey through school.

The Need And Importance Of Learner Management Systems Education Essay

IntroductionI have worked in the Work based Learning proviso and hence understands the demand and importance of learner direction systems†¦ without which the whole system will be in muss. There is a batch of conformity demand as the programmes we provide are chiefly funded through the SFA ( Skills Funding Agency ) or ESF ( European Social support ) and inspected by the Ofsted. It is non possible for a individual individual to retrieve or organize all these things hence there is a demand for a LMS which will remind you to make the assorted things, generate appropriate studies, co-ordinate between the scholar, employer, coach, presenting organic structure and the support organic structure. Work Based Learning has been defined nationally as ‘Learning for, at or through work ‘ Learning for work loosely encompasses ‘anything which can be labeled ‘vocational ‘ as delivered in school, college, sandwich classs, in BTEC Nationals in hairdressing/beauty and manner, mechanical technology, humanistic disciplines and ocular, or even wellness, kid and societal attention. Learning at work every bit related to developing and development delivered in-company such as Business direction accomplishments, client service, wellness and safety ; and Learning through work that includes the application of job-related acquisition ( perchance acquired elsewhere ) and the accomplishments and cognition acquired in the procedure of making the occupation such as athleticss manager, attention work, mechanics. Work Based Learning is one of the most popular flagship of the current and old authoritiess. The degrees of hapless attainment of accomplishments in the instruction sector had become a serious affair of grave concern. More and more kids were go forthing school without any accomplishments, needed cognition or direct vocational experience. They were mostly unemployable due to hapless literacy, numeracy, scientific and ICT accomplishments and represent a immense societal liability, which was manifested by their engagement in anti societal offenses, or hapless negative behavior forms, taking to detonations of their admittances into unafraid disciplinary penal establishments. The deficiency of accomplishments of the Youth in United Kingdom is besides a major concern to industry and employers. Rather than prosecute in ne'er stoping blasted addition, the new Government has launched enterprises that appear to go on with known policies of promoting work based larning chiefly Apprenticeship schemes to be equipped with the critical accomplishments needed to be gainfully employed. This survey relates merely to the funded work based learning proviso, all of which are in range for review by Ofsted ( Office for Standards in Education ) and audit by the support organic structures like SFA ( Skills Funding Agency ) , ESF ( European Social Funding ) etc. The procedures involved in the Work based proviso are much complex than the normal preparation colleges, besides as they are funded proviso they need to keep grounds that the money given by the support organic structures have been spent right as by the eligibility counsel and the undertaking counsel. Work Based Learning proviso involves three chief participants – the supplier, the employer and the scholar. As the complexnesss kept increasing the suppliers felt it really hard to pull off efficaciously the whole procedure this gave rise to the demand of a scholar direction system ( besides known as direction information system ) to administrate and pull off the whole procedure efficaciously and besides to cut down staffing cost and mistakes. Today there are tonss of package which are used by the WBL suppliers in UK, the chief being PICS by pellcomp package and Maytas by Tribal. Learner direction system does the occupation of the director†¦ it is non merely for pull offing the scholars but besides for helping the supplier for record maintaining, coverage and for communicating between the employer, supplier and the scholar. Learner Management system has ever been confused with the e-learning but really LMS is a portion of E-learning. By ‘e-learning ‘ we mean: ‘The bringing and disposal of larning chances and support via computing machine, networked and web-based engineering to assist single public presentation and development ‘ ( Pollard and Hillage, 2001 ) . There are assorted engineerings which contribute to e-learning for WBL suppliers viz. : Learner Management System – for pull offing scholar, employers, learning staff and for assorted conformity demands Learning Content direction system – It involves development, direction and publication of the content that will typically be delivered via a Learning Environment Learning Environment – Learning Environment is a environment where scholars and learning staff can interacts. VLE is a type of web-based acquisition environment which brings together in an incorporate environment, a scope of resources that enable scholars and staff to interact online, and includes content bringing and trailing. Learner Assessment System or E-portfolios – for on-line testing or measuring scholars A batch of research has been done on E-learning and VLE and besides Becta has been making research on the e-maturity of WBL suppliers, Becta research has greatly influenced this research and besides relevant information has been used from the Becta research as a secondary information which has formed the portion of determination of this research.RESEARCH AIMThe purpose of the proposed research is to look into the user satisfaction of the Learner Management System used by the funded Work Based Learning Suppliers in Greater London.Research OBJECTIVESIts specific aims are to: Identify tendencies for WBL suppliers in their use of Learning Management systems look into the impact of Learning Management systems on the overall quality of proviso place for what different intent is the LMS being used by the suppliers look into the degree of staff accomplishments in the usage of LMS place whether clip spend by the user utilizing LMS has impact on the user satisfaction place how cost effectual the LMS system is and what impact it has on user satisfactionRESEARCH HYPOTHESISThe user satisfaction of the Learning Management systems amongst funded Work Based Learning suppliers depends on the undermentioned variables – Users skill Cost effectivity Functions the LMS supports User Skill will include how competent the users are in utilizing the Learning Management system which in bend will depend upon their general IT or package accomplishments and besides for how long they have been utilizing the system and how frequently they use the system. Cost Effectiveness will include the existent cost of the LMS, clip saved by the users utilizing the LMS, the decrease in the labor cost and the mistake decrease Functions the LMS support will include how helpful the LMS is in back uping through the assorted procedures of WBL, how good incorporate it is with other sytems A user will be more satisfied with the LMS if he/she is more skilled A user will be more satisfied with the LMS if it is cost-efficient A user will be more satisfied with the LMS if it support more maps Research Background: A turning tendency of instruction and preparation in UK is Work based Learning where employees, particularly immature 1s, are provided assorted signifiers of chances to develop and better their numeracy, literacy, ICT, client service and other related proficient and vocational accomplishments, cognition and practical industrial cognize how. It is widely acknowledged that to assist concerns to win in this clip of economic challenge, it is critical that employers invest in accomplishments. Training additions productiveness in the short termA – and employers who do n't develop are two times more likely to neglect than those who do. Research shows that three in four concern people ( 76 % ) believe that their organisation would non win without investing in preparation, hence Work Based Learning is a really of import signifier of acquisition. Apprenticeships and Train to Derive are two most of import funded work based larning programmes.. Apprenticeship is a system of developing a new coevals of practicians of a accomplishment. Apprentices ( or in early modern use â€Å" learners † ) or proteges construct their callings from apprenticeships. Most of their preparation is done while working for an employer who helps the learners learn their trade, in exchange for their go oning labor for an in agreement period after they become skilled. Theoretical instruction may besides be involved, informally via the workplace and/or by go toing vocational schools while still being paid by the employer Apprenticeships have a long tradition in the United Kingdom, dating back to around the twelfth century and flourishing by the fourteenth century. The parents or defenders of a child would hold with a Guild ‘s Master craftsman the conditions for an apprenticeship which would adhere the child for 5-9 old ages ( e.g. from age 14 to 21 ) . They would pay a premium to the craftsman and the contract would be recorded in an indentation. In 1563, the Statute of Artificers and Apprentices was passed to modulate and protect the apprenticeship system, prohibiting anyone from practising a trade or trade without first functioning a 7-year period as an learner to a maestro. From 1601, ‘parish ‘ apprenticeships under the Elizabethan Poor Law came to be used as a manner of supplying for hapless, illicit and orphaned kids of both sexes alongside the regular system of skilled apprenticeships, which tended to supply for male childs from somewhat more flush backgrounds. These parish apprenticeships, which could be created with the acquiescence of two Justices of the Peace, supplied learners for businesss of lower position such as farm labouring, brick devising and humble family service. In the early old ages of the Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs began to defy the limitations of the apprenticeship system, and a legal opinion established that the Statute of Apprentices did non use to trades that were non in being when it was passed in 1563, therefore excepting many new eighteenth century industries. In 1814 compulsory apprenticeship by indentation was abolished. The consequence of this was the low end product of skilled forces in technological industries, which in bend relegated UK into the lower ranks of advanced societies. Since so Apprenticeship has ever been really popular and besides has been the most favoured by the assorted authoritiess. As employees, learners earn a pay and work aboard experient staff to derive job-specific accomplishments. Off the occupation, normally on a day-release footing, learners receive preparation to work towards nationally recognised makings. Anyone life in England, over 16 and non in full-time instruction can use. Apprenticeships can take between one and four old ages to finish depending on the degree of Apprenticeship, the learners ‘ ability and the industry sector. Train to Gain is the authorities ‘s flagship supplying accomplishments based developing to employees. Train to Gain is portion of the Governments Solutions for Business, a broad portfolio of extremely targeted, publically funded concern support merchandises and services, designed to helpA eligible English concerns grow and win. As the national accomplishments service Train to Derive: purposes to run into the demands of employers of all sizes and from all sectors to better the accomplishments of their employees as a path to bettering their concern public presentation purposes to promote all concerns and persons to value and gain the benefits that larning and accomplishments can convey is a valuable resource for employers, unlocking employees ‘ possible and increasing company productiveness A wide scope of preparation is covered – from basic degree accomplishments to Level 2, Level 3 and other higher-level accomplishments such as Leadership and Management. As of today Train to Derive is to stop by July 2011 and new support programme will replace it but it will merely fund degree 2 makings and most suppliers are expected to exchange to apprenticeships programmes. Coalition Government Policy: In acknowledgment of the turning importance of work based acquisition, the new Coalition Government in United Kingdom has lent its support to this industrial tendency: The Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, commissioned Professor Alison Wolf of King ‘s College London to transport out an independent reappraisal of vocational instruction. She was asked to see how vocational instruction for 14- to 19-year-olds can be improvedA in order toA promote successful patterned advance into the labour market and into higher degree instruction and preparation paths. She was besides asked to supply practical recommendations to assist inform future policy way, taking into history current fiscal restraints. The reappraisal has been informed by over 400 pieces of grounds from the populace, a figure of visits to colleges, academies and developing suppliers, and interviews and treatment Sessionss with cardinal spouses in the sector, and cardinal recommendations in the reportA include the followers: incentivising immature people to take the most valuable vocational makings pre-16, whileA taking inducements to take big Numberss of vocational makings to the hurt of nucleus faculty member survey presenting rules to steer survey programmes for immature people on vocational paths post-16 to guarantee they are deriving accomplishments which will take to progression into a assortment of occupations or further acquisition, in peculiar, to guarantee that those who have non secured a good base on balls in English and mathematics in GCSE continue to analyze those topics measuring the bringing construction and content of apprenticeships to guarantee they present the right accomplishments for the workplace doing certain the regulative frameworkA moves quicklyA off from recognizing single makings to modulating presenting administrations taking the demand that all makings offered to 14- to 19-year-olds tantrum within the Qualifications and Credit Framework, which has had a damaging consequence on their rightness and has left spreads in the market enabling FE lectors and professionals to learn in schools, guaranting immature people are being taught by those best suitable Before the Learner Management Systems or package the coverage and tracking all of scholars, classs and coachs was done through the usage of a individual maestro spreadsheet. To enable studies to be compiled, transcripts of this maestro spreadsheet would be taken and edited, which proved to be cumbersome, non really effectual and really clip consuming. Besides these chief spreadsheets were merely available at the chief office which meant that any coach or scholars who would necessitate some information needs to come to the office or when transcripts of this spreadsheet were taken off site, which on occasion happened, nevertheless this so lead to issues with versions of the maestro as updates may hold been done to this dispersed sheet off site whist other members of staff may hold made alterations to the on site transcript. Leading to issues with truth of the overall maestro spreadsheet, this was one of the trouble faced by most suppliers before the Learner Management Systems like PICS and Maytas came in the image. PICS is the most popular Learner Management system used by the Work Based Learning Suppliers in England. The chief characteristics of PICS are – Research Methodology: The system of roll uping informations for research undertakings is known as research methodological analysis The research will be undertaken in two phases: a literature reappraisal on the usage of e-learning in work-based learning proviso, covering authorities strategic and research publications, research by the LSC, Becta, JSIC and other bureaus, academic diaries, industry-related web sites and publications, specific undertaking studies and ratings. desk research including interviews and questionnaires with directors and practicians – which involves admin staff, coachs, assessors and Internal Verifier. Exploratory surveies will be conducted to derive acquaintance with the topical countries and generate thoughts through the reappraisal of available literature from beginnings such as Becta research, LSC ( now Skill Funding Agency ) , JISC and others. Pilot interview – restructure the inquiries as necessary Pilot usage of questionnaire – restructure the inquiries as necessary Contact inside informations of assorted s Letters/Emails bespeaking purpose, purposes and aims of the survey would be sent out to different administrations presenting Work Based Learning proviso in Greater London. Online questionnaire or paper based questionnaires will be sent out to the directors of these administrations. Online Questionnaires or paper based questionnaires will be sent out to the bringing staff of the administrations presenting Train to Derive proviso. Interviews will be conducted with cardinal staff of the administrations bringing work based learning proviso Analysis of secondary informations such as becta research and published one-year studies and academic diaries. Consideration of the informations and forms found in all of the administrations will be used in concurrence with academic theory to seek to explicate the findings and reply the research aims posed in subdivision Mistake: Reference beginning non found.Validity and ReliabilityIn the design of the research attack I have considered the followers: Internal cogency – Increased through usage of multiple beginnings of grounds, structured interviews and questionnaires ( both closed and unfastened inquiries ) . The design of inquiries and study will be based on apprehension of the theory from the literature and pilot testing of the interview and questionnaire will be used to do certain inquiries are understood as intended. External cogency – Multiple instances considered to analyze whether findings can be generalised over a figure of administrations. There is no demand to do a statistical analysis of the consequences for generalization here as the attack chosen examines patterns and their effectivity. The purpose is to explicate the findings and explore generalisability through a comparing of findings with theory. Reliability – Structured interviews with inquiries derived from literature in order to analyze instances in same manner. Surveies to endorse up the interviews and obtain positions from a wider group. Questionnaires all administered at the same clip and in controlled mode, account to guarantee participants all understand research in same manner.Research Ethical motivesPlease see Appendix A to this proposal, the Business School Ethics Review Form. This covers the chief points to be addressed here, but in drumhead: The interviewees and study participants will be given a clear written description of the intent, range and intended results of the research. The type of information required for the research will be clearly stated as will the policy for namelessness and confidentiality. The research will be carried out in a manner that will guarantee confidentiality of the participant administrations and the single participants in the studies. The administrations which participate in the research will non be named in the thesis, nor will the interviewees and the questionnaires will be anon. . The interview inquiries and questionnaire will be designed to analyze merely the patterns of KM, no confidential merchandise or client information will be required. Even so, I have highlighted this country for possible ethical struggle in subdivision 5 of the Ethics Review Form. This is because confidential information may be discussed in the interviews and besides commented upon in the questionnaires, this information will non be included in a manner which will transgress confidentiality in the thesis. The semi-structured interviews will get down with an organizational questionnaire to derive company information such as figure of employees, figure of research staff, one-year turnover, market sector, merchandises ( type, figure of different merchandises, merchandise volume and value ) . The balance will cover a series of unfastened ended inquiries to discourse the KM patterns in order to derive an apprehension of the attack taken, the construction and effectivity, how and why certain schemes work whilst others are less effectual. Each participant will be asked to reply indistinguishable inquiries, but the order of the inquiries will non needfully be fixed as this may take away from the flow of the interview. The study is intended to supplement informations from interviews and sample more widely the patterns and single perceptual experiences in the administration. The purpose is to derive an apprehension of how the cognition schemes work and besides the sentiments and apprehension of the employees. The questionnaire will hold structured inquiries with fit responses in order to map the KM features of the administration[ 1 ]. There will besides be unfastened inquiries for participants to do remarks on the assorted facets of KM in their administration My attack to the design of the interview and study is as follows: Preliminary model built on the reappraisal of theory from academic literature prior to design of questionnaires and structured interviews Pilot interview – restructure the inquiries as necessary Pilot usage of questionnaire – restructure the inquiries as necessary Interviews – notes taken during entering cardinal words and phrases and making full record instantly after interview Survey – questionnaires explained and handed out/ collected during sessionChapter 4: FindingsIn this subdivision the responses obtained from the questionnaire administered to the users are summarized and are presented to help treatment in subdivision 5. 4.1 Management Staff Survey A sum of 21 questionnaires were obtained for the direction staff study but out of which 3 of them were non wholly filled and had batch of compulsory inquiries unfilled hence they were non included in the analysis. The demographic of the direction staff of Work Based Learning proviso who took portion are presented below – hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education.gov.uk/16to19/qualificationsandlearning/a0074953/review-of-vocational-education-the-wolf-report

Hydro Québec, Energy and the Environment Essay

The replacement of gas with electric streetlamps in Quebec was implemented by the Royal electric Company which covered the entire city as at 1889. The project was facilitated by Senator Rosaire Thibodeau with the financial backing of a prominent businessman, Mr. Rodolphe Forget. There was with time the development of nuclear power. The experimentation with nuclear power began from around 1965. Nuclear power was increasingly being considered the energy source of the future and all the major countries had embraced it, prompting Canada to do the same. The last hydroelectric project in the twentieth century was the Sainte-Marguerite-3. This was built both a water reservoir and power generation head. The head is 330 meters long, making it a marvel. In 1998, Hydro Quebec decided to reinforce its transmission system. This was because in January of the same year, there had been a major ice storm that destroyed much of its Quebec distribution and transmission systems, exposing their vulnerability hence a need for reinforcement (History of Electricity in Quebec: Chaotic Growth of an Industry, n. d). On 7 February 2002, there was the signing of a historical agreement between the Grand Council at Crees and The state of Quebec. This provided a basis for the building of two main generation systems, the Eastmain-1 and Eastmain-1-A on the Rupert River. According to the company’s management, many past studies have investigated the potential health effects of electric and magnetic fields on human beings. These have however been inconclusive hence the harm not fully established. It therefore calls for further research to clarify this while minimizing people’s exposure to them and committing the company to supporting the research (History of Electricity in Quebec: Chaotic Growth of an Industry, n. d). Renewable and Green Hydroelectric power is not as green as required. This is because it contributes to mercury poisoning of water sources (Eisler, 1987). There is also a forced decomposition of the matter that is flooded, leading to production of carbon dioxide and Methane, both major greenhouse gases. Gas and coal are considered greener, but have lower performance. The greenhouse gases produced by Hydro-electric power are comparatively minimal. Hydropower produces a mere thirty-fifth of that by natural gas and a seventieth of that by a coal. The comparison is unjustified. This is because the ratio of waste product produced is less than the other sources. The author calls for a comparison between the sources in terms of same costs hence superiority of hydroelectric power (Hydro Quebec Research: Publications and Documentation Centre, n. d). Hydro Quebec and Sustainability Hydro Quebec is also committed to the promotion of wind power as a source of energy. Its strategic plan proposes the creation of a 4000 Megawatt wind energy capacity by 2015. Between 2004 and 2005, there was the signing of purchase deals for wind power with its total Wind power capacity standing at 500 Megawatts. The company also planned to engage in gas and oil exploration specifically at the Gulf of St. Lawrence and was seeking partners (Sustainable Development, n. d). The company promotes a reduction in electricity demand by enhancing efficiency in its use. This is done through awareness campaigns and investment in research and development. There is for instance investment in power-saving refrigerators and solar units. Hydro Quebec still retains one nuclear plant, the Gentilly-2 in the south of the Saint-Laurence River, producing about 2 per cent of the company’s electricity. Steps taken towards environmental protection include the minimization of atmospheric emissions. This is achieved by supplying hydro electric power to neighboring United States which is known to mostly rely on generation fuel-generated electricity. It also advocates for the Kyoto Protocol on emissions and is frequently involved in environmental conservation campaigns and funding of environmental research. Hydro-Quebec also values aesthetics and therefore fully incorporates it in its facilities. In this, there is emphasis on good choice of material, landscaping and observation sites among others (Sustainable Development, n. d). References Eisler, R. (1987). Mercury Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Inveterbrates: A Synoptic View. Washington DC: US Department of the Interior. History of Electricity in Quebec: Chaotic Growth of an Industry. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from Hydro Quebec: http://www. hydroquebec. com/learning/histoire/histoire_quebec/index_frame. html? ext_epoque=1 Hydro Quebec Research: Publications and Documentation Centre. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 30, 2009, from Hydro Quebec: http://www. hydroquebec. com/sustainable-development/documentation/documents. html Sustainable Development. (n. d) Retrieved March 30, 2009, from Hydro Quebec: http://www. hydroquebec. com/sustainable-development/index. html

Free Essays on The Shipbuilder

There are many instances in Ken Mitchell’s play The Shipbuilder, where the main character Jaanus Karkulainen, insists on being called by his Finnish name Karkulainen. In the play, many characters call him Johnny Crook. This situation creates controversy about names and shows how important names are to some people. Jaanus and Jukka create most of this controversy. Jaanus and Jukka are brothers who are born in Finland. Jukka move’s out of Finland and he becomes a Canadian, in name, in body and in soul. Jaanus relocates to Canada several years later, but he’s different. When Jaanus moves to Canada he doesn’t become a Canadian. He is a Finn living in Canada. His body is in Canada but his name, and his soul still belong to Finland. When Jaanus first enters the play he insists that his name is Karkulainen. This immediately shows that although he lives in Canada he will still go by his Finnish given name. The differences between Jaanus and Jukka are shown when Jaanus and Jukka first reunite in Canada. Jukka Karkulainen now goes by the name of Yuki Crook, and thinks nothing of it. His name means very little to him. Jukka then tells Jaanus that there are no Fins living in Canada even though Jukka himself is Finnish. Jukka is now a Canadian. His heritage meant nothing to him. Jaanus would never let that happen to himself. He was born Finnish he would die Finnish. One scene that really shows Jaanus’ idea of the importance of names to your heritage, is when Jaanus goes to court. The Judge asks him how he will plead to all of his charges, and calls him Johhny Crook, not Jaanus Karkulainen. To plied his case, all that Jaanus replies is â€Å"I am Jaanus Karkulainen.† He wouldn’t give up his heritage for anything. One scene later, after two years apart, Jaanus and Bender reunite. Bender is a friend of Jaanus’ who met Jaanus when he first came to Canada. When Bender greets Jaanus he calls to him, â€Å"Johnny. Johnny Yer back!† Ben... Free Essays on The Shipbuilder Free Essays on The Shipbuilder There are many instances in Ken Mitchell’s play The Shipbuilder, where the main character Jaanus Karkulainen, insists on being called by his Finnish name Karkulainen. In the play, many characters call him Johnny Crook. This situation creates controversy about names and shows how important names are to some people. Jaanus and Jukka create most of this controversy. Jaanus and Jukka are brothers who are born in Finland. Jukka move’s out of Finland and he becomes a Canadian, in name, in body and in soul. Jaanus relocates to Canada several years later, but he’s different. When Jaanus moves to Canada he doesn’t become a Canadian. He is a Finn living in Canada. His body is in Canada but his name, and his soul still belong to Finland. When Jaanus first enters the play he insists that his name is Karkulainen. This immediately shows that although he lives in Canada he will still go by his Finnish given name. The differences between Jaanus and Jukka are shown when Jaanus and Jukka first reunite in Canada. Jukka Karkulainen now goes by the name of Yuki Crook, and thinks nothing of it. His name means very little to him. Jukka then tells Jaanus that there are no Fins living in Canada even though Jukka himself is Finnish. Jukka is now a Canadian. His heritage meant nothing to him. Jaanus would never let that happen to himself. He was born Finnish he would die Finnish. One scene that really shows Jaanus’ idea of the importance of names to your heritage, is when Jaanus goes to court. The Judge asks him how he will plead to all of his charges, and calls him Johhny Crook, not Jaanus Karkulainen. To plied his case, all that Jaanus replies is â€Å"I am Jaanus Karkulainen.† He wouldn’t give up his heritage for anything. One scene later, after two years apart, Jaanus and Bender reunite. Bender is a friend of Jaanus’ who met Jaanus when he first came to Canada. When Bender greets Jaanus he calls to him, â€Å"Johnny. Johnny Yer back!† Ben...